In-vitro fertilization
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Introduction
Reproduction involves the process of biologically making new individuals, while procreation refers to an act of an organism making other organisms of its biological makeup. Human sexual intercourse has three levels, which include excitement, orgasm, and resolution. Excitement is characterized by an increased desire for sex and can include an increase in tension within the muscles, an increase in blood flow towards the genitals, increased breath, and heart rates. In orgasm, the climax of sexual pleasure is reached (Guillebaud, 2016). It only lasts for a few seconds, and sexual tension is suddenly and forcefully released, and the contractions within the involuntary muscles begin. Resolution is the last stage whereby the body functioning returns to its normal state. In women, some may experience a series of orgasms when further stimulation is done, but men need more time for recovery, called the refractory phase.
Contraception refers to the prevention of a sperm and egg from fusing to form a viable organism. There has been ethical research about contraception, and in summary, contraception is a human right to women because it reduces the abortion incidences, prevents bearing of children that a family is not capable of catering for, and also it improves the health of women as they have adequate time to heal after bearing (Wood, 2017). Other studies argue that contraception is wrong as it is not natural and is a form of abortion. It prevents viable beings from being formed and born. It also promotes immorality since married people can have sex outside marriage just for enjoyment.
Three types of artificial contraception include hormonal methods, non-hormonal methods, and permanent methods. Hormonal methods contain hormones like progesterone and estrogen, for example, such as Implanon, Janelle, and oral contraceptive pills. The non-hormonal methods include barrier methods like condoms and the intrauterine contraceptive device. The permanent methods have no reversal in case the couple needs a child, for example, vasectomy and tubal ligation. Risks of contraception include breast tenderness, weight gain, intermenstrual spotting, nausea, risk of infection, mood changes, libido decrease, and headache (Guillebaud, 2017). There is inequity in the allocation and distribution of the contraceptive services, whereby some of the areas have no access.
Bioethical analysis of non-therapeutic sterilization and principal of double effect
Most importantly, the doctors must not go-ahead to perform the patient’s procedure if that is not the best decision to make for the patient’s health. Thus, they should make an informed reason why to the patient for not conducting the procedure (WHO, 2017). This includes informing the patient about the benefits and risks of the procedure and potential future regrets. The principle of double effect depicts that it is ethically right to something which is well based on the moral perspective and has a morally bad side effect since this bad side effect was not the first intention of the doer.
Ectopic pregnancy, cancerous reproductive system, and IVF
Three of the treatment modalities for ectopic pregnancy face ethical challenges, including salpingectomy, salpingotomy, and expectant management. Thus, an illicit result like curing the mother does not guarantee one to take an illicit action. For the cancerous reproductive system, the health care worker needs to communicate the patient in an effective way concerning the diagnosis and management of their medical condition and obtain informed consent on any procedure that is to be carried out (WHO, 2017).
IVF
IVF involves removing ova, retrieving a sperm sample, fusing the two, and lastly, transferring the resulting embryo to the womb (Wood, 2017). This is recommended for patients with blocked fallopian tubes, men and women infertility, salpingectomy, genetic, and ovulation disorders. Based on ethics, the doctor needs to obtain informed consent, reassure the couple, give permission for sex selection, and plan effectively for the excess embryos.
REFERENCES
Guillebaud, J. (2017). Contraception today. CRC Press.
World Health Organization. (2017). Sexual health and its linkages to reproductive health: an operational approach.
Wood, J.W. (2017). Dynamics of human reproduction: biology, biometry, demography. Routledge.