1 – Erdogan Vows to Recapture All Lands Once Held by the Ottoman Empire — and More
From the article “Erdogan Vows to Recapture All Lands Once Held by the Ottoman Empire — and More,” Spencer describes Erdogan’s intentions for wanting to recapture the lands that were previously owned by the ottoman empire. The ottoman empire was a Muslim empire that triumphed between the 14th century and the 20th century. The empire controlled northern Africa, Western Asia, and southeastern Europe. In the long run, the empire was captured and got split (Farooqi, 2017). The countries controlled by the realm back then included; Bulgaria, Romania, Yugoslavia, Algeria, Syria, Iraq, Israel, Egypt, Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, and others.
Erdogan, the 12th president of turkey, vowed to reclaim the Ottoman empire and including other countries that were not previously in the realm. With this pursuit in mind, Erdogan has repeatedly advocated for religious hatred. These actions have caused him to get imprisoned for several occasions. Erdogan says that they are working had to ensure that no foreign flag is raised near their prayer rooms. Erdogan strongly believes that someday the geographical map of Ottoman territory that is implanted in their hearts, will one day be theirs. There have been reports that the country threatens to capture Greece and other nations.
2 – Turkey Transfers Ottoman Archives to the Palestinian Authority to Counter Israel’s Land Claims
In the hope of reclaiming their previously owned land, turkey hdocuments as gone forward and found documents that confirm their legal ownership of the Israeli territories. These have already been submitted to the Palestinian Authority to help them counter the Israeli claims of land ownership.
The Israeli national news reports that the lawyers from the Palestinian Authority are already using materials from the archives in court to counter Israelis land claim, especially in areas around the West Bank and Jerusalem. This report was delivered to the PA in 2019 then later to Bethlehem. The news delivered is said to have the strength to shake the country’s ownership of the real estate. However, nothing constructive has been done in the implementation of what those reports say. The Israeli national news reports that the lawyers from the Arab neighbours are tirelessly and repeatedly going into the archives to find more supportive documents to aid in their concerns. Since the Palestinian Authority wants the fight for ownership of the land to be a legal battle, they have followed legal measures for their course.
7 – Russian History: The Rise of a Superpower, Foundation of the Russian Empire
Ivan III is said to have played a critical role in the establishment of tsars’ reign. This is because Ivan III helped a lot in the centralization of the Russian state by defeating the Mongol Army in the 14th century. The extension of the Russian territory was also fueled by the death of the King of Poland, Casimir IV, who had been a significant obstacle in their expansion. This was also aided by Casimir’s son, Alexander, who was more than willing to co-operate with the Russians. It is reported that He agreed to marry Ivan’s daughter immediately after stepping on the throne of His Father.
Ivan III was evident in his goal of capturing the land of Poland as much as possible. With this in mind, Ivan III persuaded Alexander to wage war against his In-law, which he did without questioning. After that, Ivan III was able to capture 19 cities in Poland.
This capture enabled Russian territories to grow on an international scale. It is reported that in that year, the boundaries of Russia expanded by 35,000km2, which is approximately the size of today’s Netherlands. This means that Russia became a superpower even before the 19th century and before the Concert of Europe.
Many other events happened before the formation of the Russian empire. For instance, the reinforcement of Tsardom and the establishment of the Roman dynasty. The strengthening of Tstardom: Historians claim that this was the period when Ivan IV reigned. The crowning of Ivan IV was modelled quite differently from his Predecessors. According to the people of that time, Ivan IV’s reign was unpleasant. They nicknamed it, “Ivan Terrible.” This was the time when Autorotism had reached its borders. Ivan IV was stringent and ruthless with his rules. A mere provocation in his sight was enough to send one into exile or be prosecuted. In 1550, Ivan IV introduced a new set of laws, including; self-management of rural areas and establishment of Zemsky Sobor. It is reported that Ivan IV had many failures during his reign, primarily when he pursued other nations. For instance, he failed terribly when he continued Sweden, Denmark, and Poland in 1558. Ivan Iv was hostile to the noble citizens for quite some time. This resulted in the division of the Russian territory into two. This process led to the loss of life of the people who helped in establishing the nation. Ivan’s reign was barbaric and very ruthless for it to be forgotten. Ivan IV led the nation in their worst nightmares of all Russian history.
Historians regard the period between 1598 and 1613 as “the time of trouble.” This is because there several maladies during this period that affected the nation. For instance, in 1601, there was a cold season that destroyed crops resulting in famine. For the more significant part of the future years. Another malady that was experienced was the inversion of the Polish-Lithuanian army. Attacks from this army were very polite that they lasted for more than a century.
The establishment of the Romanov dynasty: this was the reign of Mikhail Romanov. His main agenda when he got on the throne was to restore the peace that had adversely reduced. The order had become a basic need that was missing in the lives of the Russians due to the constant attacks of the Swedish and Polish-Lithuanian People. It was at this time that peter the great was born; he became the founder of the Russian empire. By the time Peter the great stepped on the throne, Russia was already the largest nation in the world.
8 – The History of Russia: The Road to the Revolutions
This article attempts to explain why how Russia was able to secure itself a worldwide recognition as a superstate (DeFronzo, 2018). Reports have it that Napoleon made a mistake when he tried to conquer Russia during the reign I Alexander the great. From his victory over Napoleon, Alexander the great was considered as the saviour of Europe, which allowed him to participate in drawing the map of Europe. The prestige of defeating France in war held the fact that Russia would be a superpower for the entire century. However, sea trading was limited to them as many of the other nations did not trade with them. This became a new problem since the industrial revolution had set in, and its power was contributing to its economic stagnation, if not backwardness. Alexander, the great decision to engage Russia in revolutionary activities.
After the death of Alexander, the great, his brother, Nicholas, took over the throne. He also was able to defeat Napoleon for the second time (Ascher, 2017). However, the weaknesses of the Russian army had already been exposed. When Alexander II took over power from Nicholas, the desire for reform was widespread. At that time, serfdom was the main issue facing his government (Stein, 2017).
After the first four years of his reign, there was a 35 % serfdom infestation in the population. His reign had been a mark for the end of the autocratic leadership. In 1864, Alexander II managed to reform the rules in the judiciary and the military. Alexander II was able to abolish unruly punishments and developed rural self-government. He was also able to ensure that education was widespread in the nation. It was during his time that training was taken more seriously (Zürcher, 2017). Cases of occupation decreased significantly as the country was able to make more reformed policies.
Russia supported France, Britain, and the US in connecting with Asian countries, including Japan and China. This allowed these countries to trade extensively from 1860. China allowed Russia to build a naval base for trading purposes.
References
Ascher, A. (2017). Russia: a short history. Oneworld Publications.
DeFronzo, J. (2018). Revolutions and revolutionary movements. Routledge.
Farooqi, N. R. (2017). An overview of Ottoman archival documents and their relevance for medieval Indian history. The Medieval History Journal, 20(1), 192-229.
Stein, K. W. (2017). The land question in Palestine, 1917-1939. UNC Press Books.
Zürcher, E. J. (2017). Turkey: A modern history. Bloomsbury Publishing.