Question 1: Diagnosis
Question 1a: client’s behavior and problems contributing to signs and symptoms
- Chest pain
- Heart pounding
- Shortness of Breath
- Hands numbness
- Profuse sweating
- Fear of death
- Restlessness
- Nervous energy
- Frequent urination
- Nightmares
- Substance usage
- Stopping of a romantic relationship
- Quitting jogging and training
- Feeling of emptiness
Question 1b: tables of client’s mental disorders with DSM-5 criteria
Anxiety disorder
| disorder | DSM-5 criteria | Signs and symptoms |
| Anxiety | · Frequent chest pains · Nightmares · Daily fear over increasing debts and death · First nightmare after mum’s death. | · Fear · Nightmares · Chest pain · Profound sweating
|
Question 1c: client’s diagnosis profile using DSM-5 nonaxial
Assessment
The key finding of the evaluation include:
- Frequent chest pains that keep recurring over and over, especially during the day. The diagnosis was crucial in the determination of possible health issues and levels of anxiety.
- Nightmares occurred for three weeks after the client’s mother died. The diagnosis was crucial as it indicates some circumstances leading to the pains.
- Markedly increased fear over increasing debts and death that occur daily to her mind. This an indication of the emotional disorder that was important in the determination of causes of some reoccurring symptoms.
- Frequent urination, and some occasional diarrhea. Diagnosing these aspects gives an overview of how health care affects other biological processes in the body.
- Substance usage and addiction, observed through her nature of daily smoking and intake of caffeine, as well as occasional drinking. The diagnosis aimed at determining the level of depression in the patient and the impacts it brought to the client’s personality.
- Feeling of emptiness and lack of close contact with the client’s father, as well as deep linking with friends. Diagnosing this aspect is vital in assessing the social life of the client that may tend to increase the impacts of her health condition.
The finding in the assessment is that most of her signs and symptoms are recurrent, with a few occurring occasionally. Among them, chest pain, shortness of breath, and fear are constant. The symptoms have significant impacts on the patient, as they tend to affect her personality, affect the normal functioning of the body, as well as altering her social life and occupation. The symptoms do not occur from her addiction to caffeine and smoking, but rather the two boost the impacts the symptoms have on her. Therefore, the findings were aware of substance usage, which was not the primary cause of the observed signs and symptoms.
Question 2: Additional Information
Clarification diagnosis
- Personals information
Personal information is crucial to understand a patient’s health background, lifestyle, and a social life that would contribute to the causes of health problems. The information gathered play a vital role in predetermining some possible underlying issues that patients may not disclose during the diagnosis.
- Goals of the diagnosis
The goals would ensure that there is a well-developed communication skill. These would help check that the information given through diagnosis questions is clear. Besides, they would help motivate a patient.
Clarification of the case
- Plan checklist
The checklist would help check that patient behavior is observed continuously to monitor new and recurring issues. Besides, the list would help correct the progress of a patient’s response.
Clarification of the treatment
- Treatment goals
The goal would play a vital role in giving an overview of expectations after treatment. They would guide both the patient and the practitioner to ensuring the effectiveness of the procedure.
- Timeline for treatment
The treatment plan would help indicate the schedule for each stage of treatment to ensure the timely effectiveness of the process.
Question 3: Case Formulation
The cognitive approach is one that seeks to solve a problem through its well -developed goals on psychotherapy. The approach uses a model that establishes the client’s emotional, psychological, and behavioral nature. One can establish these aspects by exploring and assessing various factors that include the Predisposing factor, precipitating factors, perpetuating factors, and protective factors.
Predisposing factor
Predisposing factors refer to the aspect that increases a patient’s vulnerability. The factor s may be based on habit, while others on circumstances. Besides, lifestyle can also make one vulnerable. Some situations, such as the loss of a person, can make one vulnerable to developing some health conditions. In the case study, Jacinda displays some factors that increase the impacts of the condition. For instance, she has a lot of fear of dying, and anytime she feels these conditions, she calls an ambulance. Fear can make one more sensitive, thus increasing the impacts of a condition.
Also, the death of her mother caused her to experience some symptoms seen in her condition. Detachment increases one’s vulnerability. Another visible aspect that may reduce her invulnerability is mild asthma. This can lower body immunity, leading to severe impacts when a condition recurs. Besides, divorce by her parents and the break of her relationship makes her feel empty, which can lead to depression, which consequently increases her vulnerability. Despite that these factors are not the direct causes of her condition, they tend to make her prone and weak.
Precipitating factors
These are aspects that are usually immediate triggers to condition. These are the direct causes of the condition. In the case study, many factors can lead to the observed signs and symptoms in Jacinda. For instance, her addiction to smoking. Smoking causes lung and heart diseases, and excessive use can cause signs such as chest pains and a profound heartbeat. Besides, vigorous exercises can also cause one to experience some signs, such as those observed in Jacinda. The case study also indicates a lack of enough sleep in Jacinda, especially when she had nightmares. Lack of enough sleep affects brain functioning and can also affect the normal physiological processes in the body, leading to some of the signs observed in Jacinda’s case. For instance, headache, sweating, and shortness in breathing. Else, depression can also trigger the condition.
Perpetuating factors
These are factors that lead to the continuity of the condition. The aspects may result from lack of compliance issues, the nature of a condition and its severity, some of unsolved precipitating and predisposing factors, as well as diet. In the case study, Jacinda is in the frequent use of caffeine. This chemical compound affects the body’s normal functioning, and in high quantity, lead to addiction. Some conditions can get triggered by the excessive availability of this chemical compound, led to frequent reactions. If Jacinda continues the intake of caffeine, it may continuously cause the recurrence of her condition. Besides, she continues to associate with friends less, and this can increase her loneliness, making her depressed, which intern ensure continued recurrence of the condition. In addition, Jacinda does like to visit the hospital for special treatment; thus her condition is not solved, but rather will continue to reoccur
Protective factors
Protective factors are those that seek to provide cover to a client, from recurrence of a health condition. They include developing a positive attitude, improved esteem, the sacrifice of some personal habits, as well as reducing contact with factors that affect one emotion. The case study has shown some protective measures Jacinda has undertaken. For instance, she stops attending the gym and personal exercises, which she feels they contribute to her situations. Also, she takes work left to ensure total healing from the condition whenever it occurs. Jacinda has also kept herself away from activities that may tamper with her emotions. For instance, she has not involved herself with a romantic relationship since her last break up. These scenarios indicate her willingness to prevent herself from depression that may trigger recurrence conditions.
Question 4: Treatment plan
Overview of a treatment plan
A treatment plan is a document that acts as a tool to check the provision of well-rounded and quality treatment in the health care system (van Herk et al., 2002). The plans are blueprints in service delivery. The treatment and also defines concrete treatment goals. The importance of key help monitors progresses during the treatment process. Notably, some treatment plan describes the client’s personal information.
Therapy justification
The choice of therapy is crucial to the success of a client’s treatment. Cognitive-behavioral therapy, for instance, is crucial for the treatment of people suffering from mental disorders, post-traumatic disorders, as well as addiction. The therapy is common in the world, and many practitioners have recommended it for its use, as it ensures the healing of patients. Besides, the therapy uses a well-organized session that creates a cross relationship between the practitioner and a client, thus improving the treatment process.
Therapy description
cognitive behavioral therapy is a type of talk therapy commonly used (Kingdon et al., 1994). Cognitive-behavioral therapy uses a model that seeks to cure behavior, emotions, as well as the psychology of a person. The therapy uses organized sessions that offer clients training on behavioral and emotional changes. The tool is crucial in the treatment of depression, addiction, as well as a post-traumatic stress disorder. The therapy is crucial in helping individuals manage stress across life situations. Practitioners use therapy worldwide, to treat many conditions (Leiknes et al., 2012). However, for the success of the treatment, clients must have a willing heart always to keep pushing throughout the sessions.
Therapy application to the case
Cognitive-behavioral therapy would play a crucial role in the treatment of Jacinda. The client is addicted to smoking and taking caffeine. By elaborating on the goals of treatment and organizing sessions, Jacinda would surely get treated over time, and will surely overcome addiction. The sessions will also help her understand the withdrawal effects and conditions to expect, thus preparing her to overcome addiction. Also, the therapy would involve courses that help overcome depression, that to some extent, contribute to her pains. Besides, the sessions would seek to help Jacinda in overcoming the post-traumatic disorder of her mother’s death, which too may be contributing to her condition. Else, emphasis on the importance of adequate sleep would help Jacinda overcome insomnia, which triggers the disease.
Importance of therapy goals prioritization.
Goals are essential in any therapy, as they tend to motivate both practitioners, as well as the client. Goals act as a drive, which a patient focus to achieve. Failure to observe therapy goals can lead to failure of treatment. Besides, treatment goals help in the organization of the treatment sessions, used in cognitive behavioral therapy. Also, goals help check that mistakes are limited when carrying treatment. The case study using treatment goals in the treatment of Jacinda would motivate her to follow the treatment schedule.
Mood disorder
| Disorder | DSM-5 criteria | Signs and symptoms |
| Mood disorder | · Frequent urination · Occasional diarrhea · Frequent restlessness
| · Heart pounding · Restlessness · Nervous energy · Frequent urination
|
Personality disorder
| Disorder | DSM-5 criteria | Signs and symptoms |
| · Occasional drinking · Daily intake of caffeine · Daily smoking · Quitting contacting dad | · Substance usage · Feeling of emptiness · Abandoning jogging and training · Stopping of romantic relationship
|
DSM-5 criteria w met as we find that the client experiences most of these symptoms frequently throughout the recurring episodes, with chest pains and breathing problems being dominant.
Question 1c: client’s diagnosis profile using DSM-5 nonaxial
Assessment
The key finding of the assessment include:
- Frequent chest pains that keep recurring over and over, especially during the day. The diagnosis was crucial in the determination of possible health issues and levels of anxiety.
- Nightmares occurred for three weeks after the client’s mother died. The diagnosis was crucial as it indicates some circumstances leading to the pains.
- Markedly increased fear over increasing debts and death that occur daily to her mind. This an indication of the emotional disorder that was important in the determination of causes of some reoccurring symptoms.
- Frequent urination, and some occasional diarrhea. Diagnosing these aspects gives an overview of how health care affects other biological processes in the body.
- Substance usage and addiction, observed through her nature of daily smoking and intake of caffeine, as well as occasional drinking. The diagnosis aimed at determining the level of depression in the patient and the impacts it brought to the client’s personality.
- Feeling of emptiness and lack of close contact with the client’s father, as well as deep linking with friends. Diagnosing this aspect is vital in assessing the social life of the client that may tend to increase the impacts of her health condition.
The finding in the assessment is that most of her signs and symptoms are recurrent, with a few occurring occasionally. Among them, chest pain, shortness of breath, and fear are constant. The symptoms have significant impacts on the patient, as they tend to affect her personality, alter the normal functioning of the body, as well as to alter her social life and occupation. The symptoms do not occur from her addiction to caffeine and smoking, but rather the two boost the impacts the symptoms have on her. Therefore, the findings were aware of substance usage, which was not the primary cause of the observed signs and symptoms.
Question 2: Additional Information
Clarification diagnosis
- Personals information
Personal information is crucial to understand a patient’s health background, lifestyle, and a social life that would contribute to the causes of health problems. The information given play a vital role in predetermining some possible underlying issues that patients may not disclose during the diagnosis.
- Goals of the diagnosis
The goals would ensure that there is a well-developed communication skill. These would help check that the information given through diagnosis questions is clear. Besides, they would help motivate a patient.
Clarification of the case
- Plan checklist
The checklist would help check that patient behavior is observed continuously to monitor new and recurring issues. Besides, the list would help correct the progress of a patient’s response.
Clarification of the treatment
- Treatment goals
The goal would play a vital role in giving an overview of what is expectations after treatment. They would guide both the patient and the practitioner to ensuring the effectiveness of the procedure.
- Timeline for treatment
The treatment plan would help indicate the schedule for each stage of therapy to ensure the timely efficiency of the process.
Question 3: Case Formulation
The cognitive approach is one that seeks to solve a problem through its well -developed goals on psychotherapy. The approach uses a model that establishes a client’s emotional, psychological, and behavioral nature. One can establish these aspects by exploring and assessing various factors that include the Predisposing factor, precipitating factors, perpetuating factors, and protective factors.
Predisposing factor
Predisposing factors refer to the aspect that increases a patient’s vulnerability. The factor s may be based on habit, while others on circumstances. Besides, lifestyle can also make one vulnerable. Some situations, such as the loss of a person, can make one vulnerable to developing some health conditions. In the case study, Jacinda displays some factors that increase the impacts of the condition. For instance, she has a lot of fear of dying, and anytime she feels these conditions calls an ambulance. Fear can make one increasing n.
Also, ed her to experience some symptoms seen in her condition. Detachment increases one’s vulnerability. Another visible aspect that may reduce her invulnerability is mild asthma. This can lower body immunity, leading to severe impacts when a condition recurs. divorce by her parents and the break of her relationship makes her feel empty, which can lead to depression, which consequently increases her vulnerability. Despite that these factors are not the direct causes of her condition, they tend to make her prone and weak.
Precipitating factors
These are aspects that are usually immediate triggers to condition. These are the direct causes of the condition. In the case study, many factors can lead to the observed signs and symptoms in Jacinda. For instance, her addiction to smoking. Smoking causes lung and heart diseases, and excessive use can cause signs such as chest pains and a profound heartbeat. Besides, vigorous exercises can also cause one to experience some signs, such as those observed in Jacinda. The case study also indicates a lack of enough sleep in Jacinda, especially when she had nightmares. Lack of enough sleep affects brain functioning and can also affect the normal physiological processes in the body, leading to some of the signs observed in Jacinda’s case. For instance, headache, sweating, and shortness in breathing. Else, depression can also trigger the condition.
Perpetuating factors
These are factors that lead to the continuity of the condition. The aspects may result from lack of compliance issues, the nature of a condition and its severity, some of unsolved precipitating and predisposing factors, as well as diet. In the case study, Jacinda is infrequent use of caffeine. This chemical compound affects the body’s normal functioning, and in high quantity, lead to addiction. Some conditions can get triggered by the excessive availability of this chemical compound, led to frequent reactions. If Jacinda continues the intake of caffeine, it may continuously cause the recurrence of her condition. Besides, she continues to associate with friends less, and this can increase her loneliness, making her depressed, which intern ensure continued recurrence of the condition. In addition, Jacinda does like to visit the hospital for special treatment; thus her condition is not solved, but rather will continue to reoccur
Protective factors
Protective factors are those that seek to provide cover to a client, from recurrence of a health condition. They include developing a positive attitude, improved esteem, a sacrifice of some personal habits, as well as reducing contact with factors that affect one emotion. The case study has shown some protective measures Jacinda has undertaken. For instance, she stops attending the gym and personal exercises, which she feels they contribute to her situations. Also, she takes work leave to ensure total healing from the condition, whenever it occurs. Jacinda has also kept herself away from activities that may tamper with her emotions. For instance, she has not involved herself with a romantic relationship since her last break up. These scenarios indicate her willingness to prevent herself from depression that may trigger recurrence conditions.
Question 4: Treatment plan
Overview of a treatment plan
The treatment plan is a document that acts as a tool to check the provision of well-rounded and quality treatment in the health care system. The plans are used as a blueprint in service delivery. The treatment plan gives a description of the assessment method, establish major areas of concern, and also define concrete treatment goals. The importance of a treatment plan is that it gives a clear design for treatment that practitioners can use. Besides, they help monitor progress during the treatment process. Notably, some treatment plan describes the client’s personal information.
Therapy justification
The choice of therapy is crucial to the success of a client’s treatment. Cognitive-behavioral therapy, for instance, is crucial for the treatment of people suffering from mental disorders, post-traumatic disorders, as well as addiction. The therapy is common in the world, and many practitioners have recommended it for its use, as it ensures the healing of patients. Besides, the therapy uses a well-organized session that creates a cross relationship between the practitioner and a client, thus improving the treatment process.
Therapy description
Cognitive-behavioral therapy is a type of talk therapy commonly used for treatment. The therapy is based on a model seeking to cure behavior, emotions, as well as the psychology of a person. The therapy uses organized sessions that offer clients training on behavioral and emotional changes. The tool is crucial in the treatment of depression, addiction, as well as a post-traumatic stress disorder. The therapy is crucial in helping individuals manage stress across life situations. Practitioners use therapy worldwide, to treat many conditions. However, for the success of the treatment, clients must have a willing heart always to keep pushing throughout the sessions.
Therapy application to the case
Cognitive-behavioral therapy would play a crucial role in the treatment of Jacinda. The client is addicted to smoking and taking caffeine. By elaborating on the goals of treatment, and organizing sessions, Jacinda would surely get treated over time, and will surely overcome addiction. The sessions will also help her understand the withdrawal effects and conditions to expect, thus preparing her to overcome addiction. Also, the therapy would involve courses that help overcome depression, that to some extent, contribute to her pains. Besides, the sessions would seek to help Jacinda in overcoming the post-traumatic disorder of her mother’s death, which too may be contributing to her condition. Else, emphasis on the importance of adequate sleep would help Jacinda overcome insomnia, which triggers the state.
Importance of therapy goals prioritization.
Goals are essential in any therapy, as they tend to motivate both practitioners, as well as the client. Goals act as a drive, which a patient focus to achieve. Failure to observe therapy goals can lead to failure of treatment. Besides, treatment goals help in the organization of the treatment sessions, used in cognitive behavioral therapy. Also, goals help check that mistakes are limited when carrying treatment. The case study using treatment goals in the treatment of Jacinda would motivate her to follow the treatment schedule.