Parenting Styles
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Parenting Styles
In psychology, the most commonly used types of parenting are primarily based on the intellectual work of Diana Baumrind. In the 1960s, Diana noticed the distinct behavior exhibited by preschoolers. Notably, there was a close correlation between a given parenting style and a child’s behavior. Consequently, there was a different outcome in the lives of the children. Following the extensive observation, analyses, and interviews, she identified three styles of parenting. However, in 1983, Maccoby and Martin expanded on the work, and the styles became four. More emphasis will be put on two different styles, authoritative and permissive styles and two types of attachment-based on each form.
Authoritative Parenting
Authoritative parents are reasonable and nurturing and more likely to set high and clear goals. Despite their higher expectations, these parents are warm and responsive. They set rules by enforcing boundaries and will always engage in open discussions through proper reasoning (4 Parenting Styles). Moreover, authoritative parents show affection, support, and will always encourage independence from their children. Essentially, this is known as a democratic style of parenting. Again, this style is thought to be the most beneficial to the children.
Permissive Parenting
Permissive parenting tends to be the opposite of authoritative style. Here, parents set very few rules and boundaries besides showing reluctance to implement the rules. Parents are characterized by warmness and indulgence, however, they fear to say no, and neither do they like disappointing their children (4 Parenting Styles). In this style, parents will offer limited guidance to the children. Again, they tend to be more like friends as opposed to parents. Still, their communication is open and many a time let their children make the choices as opposed to giving direction.
Types of attachment to expect based on parenting styles
Children of authoritative parents will always show particular traits such as happiness and contentment, independence, higher academic success, good self-esteem, and less violent behaviors. Additionally, they have better mental health and will interact with their peers well. These children are securely attached to their parents. Essentially, they are aware that their attachment parents can quickly meet their needs. This is known as a secure attachment (McLeod, 2018). When upset, the securely attached child will seek support from parents who are sensitive to their signals and subsequently respond to their needs.
For children of permissive upbringing, they tend to exemplify independence. Parents are always warm and nurturing, with minimal expectations usually not set by the parents. At the same time, the communication is warm and children will follow their direction of choice. These qualities will propel the children to be insecurely avoidant (McLeod, 2018). This type of attachment fails to orientate the children to their attachment figure while pursuing the environment. The children remain independent of the attachment personality, both emotionally and physically. Again, they do not seek support from the attachment figure when experiencing stress. This stems from the fact that the children have a caregiver show insensitivity to their needs.
How culture may impact attachment
The concept of culture is broad, however, in this context, it can be defined as a set of beliefs and values shared by a community or group of people. Culture profoundly impacts attachment since it influences the values that parents, families, and collective communities place on the role of being caregivers. At the same time, parents’ beliefs and values concerning child development influence the choice they make on parenting. For example, a society that is strict and highly values the discipline of their children will practice authoritative parenting, hence secure attachment (Attachment). On the contrary, independent societies that allow their children to be independent would be permissive in their parenting hence insecure avoidant from their children.
References
4 Parenting Styles- Characteristics and Effects, (2020). Parenting for Brain. Retrieved from https://www.parentingforbrain.com/4-baumrind-parenting-styles/
McLeod, S. (2018). Attachment Styles. Simply Psychology. Retrieved from https://www.simplypsychology.org/mary-ainsworth.html
Attachment. Attachment Cross Cultures. Retrieved from https://www.attachmentacrosscultures.org/about/about15.htm