Benthic Foraminifera
A study of the benthic foraminifera organisms on the ocean floor helps scientists comprehend the activities occurring on the ocean floor. The organisms are affected by stratification processes leading to the creation of agglutinated, porcellaneous, and hyaline foraminifera micro-organisms. Benthic foraminifera micro-organisms are distributed among the Gulf islands characterized by deep lagoons and open waters.
Source: https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/fosrec/Culver.html (Culver, 2020).
Agglutinated Foraminifera
The agglutinated microfossils are organisms that consist of sedimentary particles bound together by the calcareous, siliceous, and organic ferruginous environment. Agglutinated microfossils form from sedimentary particles for instance sand grains and silt. Forming agglutinated organisms involves the changes in sea level. Whenever sea level rises, the sediment and nutrient supply is high. This leads to microfossil assemblages mainly located in the North Sea. The agglutinated foraminifera are benthic microfossils mainly found in rocks found in marine and brackish environments.
Source: http://www2.hawaii.edu/~johnb/micro/micro161/antigen-antibody_reactions/Chap5_Ag_Ab_reactions.htm (Hawaii, 2020).
Agglutinated benthic foraminifera are useful in the determination of age. As part of the agglutination fossils, their ancient history is incorporated by scientists to tell the age of other fossils. Additionally, scientists can determine the age of marine and brackish environments as well as the dominant and distinctive species. The purpose or intent with an indirect combs test is screaming for tests to be done since most patients seek the entry of similar tests that lead to similar or direct door coombs test. The purpose of the indirect Coombs test is to determine whether there are antibodies in the blood under test. In case an individual shows signs of infections in the blood, a direct Coombs test helps identify the required information in case of blood poisoning.
Porcellaneous Foraminifera
The porcellaneous foraminifera is an organism that consists of the calcareous test walls made up of calcitic or aragonitic texture. These organisms have shaped chambers that are spiral, trochospiral, or planispiral as shown in the figure below.
Source: https://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/foram.html (UCL, 2020)
Porcellaneous organisms are located on most ocean floors. The different species of porcellaneous organisms mainly include the planktonic meaning that these organisms float on water. The porcellaneous foraminifera is mostly found in marine environments ranging from intertidal to ocean trenches. There is foraminifera found on coral reefs, brackish estuaries, and intertidal salt marshes. Despite foraminifera being single-celled, they have more than one nucleus that possesses granuloreticulose pseudopodia. Additionally, they contain particles with diverse materials affected by the natural distribution pattern. Therefore, there is a need to conduct prospective studies that ascertain natural distribution changes occurring in the ocean. Porcellaneous is one such process that helps identify the effect of natural processes on the ocean floor. Porcellaneous refers to a zoology aspect that allows foraminifera pores to have a smooth and compact shell (Dimiza et al., 2016). The porcellaneous aspect is affected by nutrients, salinity, currents activity, sediments, and temperature influencing benthic foraminifera.
Porcellaneous foraminifera is useful in the study of fossils, paleoecology, oil exploration, and paleobiogeography. More importantly, studying foraminifera provides evidence of past environments. In terms of porcellainity, it is imperative to note that all foraminifera resides in all marine environments. As shown in the diagram above, most types of porcellaneous organisms include benthic or planktic mode of life. In this case, the focus is on the benthic porcellaneous organisms formed due to the cytoplasmic flow along its membranes containing mitochondria, digestive vacuoles, and symbiotic dinoflagellates. All these processes form part of the ectoplasm expansion whereby tissues and organs consist of tiny particles of materials found on the marine floor (Dimiza et al., 2019). All the materials formed, however, require a shell mainly for protection purposes due to the absence of tissues and organs.
Despite foraminifera being single-celled, they have more than one nucleus that possesses granuloreticulose pseudopodia. Additionally, they contain particles with diverse materials affected by the natural distribution pattern. Therefore, there is a need to conduct prospective studies that ascertain natural distribution changes occurring in the ocean. Porcellaneous is one such process that helps identify the effect of natural processes on the ocean floor. Porcellaneous refers to a zoology aspect that allows foraminifera pores to have a smooth and compact shell (Dimiza et al., 2016). The porcellaneous aspect is affected by nutrients, salinity, currents activity, sediments, and temperature influencing benthic foraminifera.
Hyaline Foraminifera
Hyaline foraminifera organisms contain shells made from interlocking microcrystals of calcium carbonate. In terms of appearance, they appear glassy and have pores that penetrate through its wall. Other appearances of hyaline shells are having a milky translucent opaque look as shown in the figure below.
Source: https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/fosrec/Wetmore.html (Wetmore, 2020)
Source: https://www.bgs.ac.uk/discoveringGeology/time/Fossilfocus/foraminifera.html (British Geological Survey, 2020).
These types of benthic foraminifera are mainly located in marine shores. They are also located in any other location with increasing water depth. Other locations for these organisms include intertidal marshes where there are fossil assemblages. The main use of these foraminifera involves researchers gathering evidence about marine rock ages. They are also used in paleobiogeography and biostratigraphy.
A term that vividly describes foraminifera is armored amoebae that are single-celled protists. The amoeba secretes a tiny shell that is approximately a half and millimeter long. To comprehend the science behind hyaline foraminifera, there are fossilized tests conducted on sediments found in marine waters. The tests are conducted to advance knowledge on the environment by providing chemical, biological, and physical parameters of the environment. Conducting these tests is significant since they aid scientists in understanding the characteristics of water, chemistry, and stratification of the ocean. According to Barbieri and Vaiani (2018), hyaline foraminifera is an accurate pointer of marine pollution and changes in sea level. As such, benthic foraminifera is essential in the reconstruction of archeological aspects in the study of oceans.
References
Barbieri G.,& Vaiani C. S. (2018). Benthic foraminifera or Ostracoda? Comparing the accuracy of palaeoenvironmental indicators from a Pleistocene lagoon of the Romagna coastal plan (Italy). Journal of Micropalaeontology,37(1), 203-230.
Dimiza, M. D., Ravani, A., Kapsimalis, V., Panagiotopoulos, I. P., Skampa, E., & Triantaphyllou, M. V. (2019). Benthic foraminiferal assemblages in the severely polluted coastal environment of Drapetsona-Keratsini, Saronikos Gulf (Greece). Revue de Micropaléontologie, 62(1), 33-44.
Dimiza, M. D., Triantaphyllou, M. V., Koukousioura, O., Hallock, P., Simboura, N., Karageorgis, A. P., & Papathanasiou, E. (2016). The Foram Stress Index: A new tool for environmental assessment of soft-bottom environments using benthic foraminifera. A case study from the Saronikos Gulf, Greece, Eastern Mediterranean. Ecological Indicators, 60, 611-621.
Wetmore. (2020).Forum facts, an introduction to foraminifera
https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/fosrec/Wetmore.html
British Geological Survey (2020). Discovering Geology. https://www.bgs.ac.uk/home.html
UCL (2020). Microfossil Image Recovery and Circulation for learning and education. Foraminifera. https://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/foram.html
Hawaii (2020). Chapter 5 Antigen-Antibody Interactions, Immune Assays, and Experimental Systems.http://www2.hawaii.edu/~johnb/micro/micro161/antigen-antibody_reactions/Chap5_Ag_Ab_reactions.htm
Culver, S.(2020).Interpreting paleoenvironments with
microfossils. https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/fosrec/culver.html