Nutrition PowerPoint
- Pregnancy – weight gain recommendations
Definition of nutrient, energy and fluid needs.
- During this stage, the body requires increased nutrients.
- Both macro and micronutrients are necessary to support the mother and the baby.
- Macronutrients provide energy and calories while micronutrients are dietary elements like minerals, and vitamins, which are needed in small proportions.
- Macronutrients include fats, proteins and carbohydrates.
- Pregnancy requires a lot of energy, and the total energy needs are approximately 2115, 2275, and 2356kcal/day for the three trimesters, respectively.
- It is also necessary to drink at least eight glasses of water every day.
- The fluid needs rise during pregnancy to support high blood volume, amniotic fluid and fetal circulation.
Description of nutrients of concern or special concerns
During pregnancy, a woman requires vital nutrients such as iron, calcium, vitamin C, vitamin A, vitamin B6, vitamin D, vitamin B12, and folic acid.
These nutrients enable an expectant woman to gain more weight which is essential.
However, gaining too little or too much weight can bring about complications during pregnancy for both the mother and the baby.
Therefore, if one has a healthy weight before they become pregnant, they are only required to eat an average of approximately 300 more calories every day.
Physical activity recommendations
Physical activity such as moderate-intensity like brisk walking is recommendable since it keeps the lungs and heart of an expectant woman healthy.
Also, it enables their mood all through pregnancy.
- Lactation – benefits of breastfeeding
Definition of nutrient, energy and fluid needs.
During lactation, nutrient needs mainly depend on the composition and volume of the milk the mother produces and her early nutritional status and nutrient need.
Women who solely breastfeed their newborns require energy that exceeds that which they required during pregnancy by about 640kcal/day during the first six months after giving birth compared with the 300kcal/day that was required in the last two trimesters of pregnancy.
On the other hand, the demand for nutrients like iron is substantially less during lactation than during the prenatal period.
For most lactating mothers, drinking to quench thirst is enough to stay hydrated.
Unless one is exceptionally dehydrated, extra fluids may not be beneficial, but they may cause discomfort.
Description of nutrients of concern or special concerns
Lactating mothers need more vitamin and more energy compared to expectant mothers.
For those women whose usual diet is rich in calcium, there is no need for increased calcium intake during lactation.
Physical activity recommendations
According to research regarding the levels of lactic acid in breast milk, vigorous exercise alters the taste of milk.
However, the amount of milk supply is not affected by this exercise.
Moderate activity during lactation is recommendable.
- Infancy – the growth rate
Definition of nutrient, energy and fluid needs.
During infancy, a person starts to undergo a growth spurt.
The birth weight triple within one year.
A lot of nutrients are required for the baby to grow that much.
Breast milk is the best source of these nutrients during the first six months.
However, formula can be used as an alternative.
The nutrients found in breast milk include calcium which enables the development of healthy teeth and bones.
Also, the breast milk contains fats which create energy enables the development of the brain, keeps the hair and skin healthy, and protects against infections.
Description of nutrients of concern or special concerns
Iron is needed to build blood cells and develop the brain.
Carbohydrates and proteins also fuel growth and provide energy.
Finally, zinc is a necessary nutrient which enables the cells to repair and grow themselves.
Physical activity recommendations
For infants, physical activity includes all kinds of movements such as rolling over, standing, crawling, sitting up and finally walking.
Infants should be encouraged to move independently.
- Childhood – helping kids develop healthy eating habits and bodies
Definition of nutrient, energy and fluid needs.
Children need to drink plenty of water and milk.
Water is vital to a child’s health as it makes up more than half of the weight of these children, and it is required to keep all the parts of the babies function efficiently.
During childhood, children have a higher need for energy since they are becoming more active and growing more quickly.
Therefore, foods that are high in energy are required and minerals and vitamins.
For small babies from 3.5-10kg, their daily need for fluid is 100ml/kg.
Those who are 11-20kgs require 1000+50ml of fluid every day.
Children who are 20kg and above need 1500mL+2mL/kg daily.
Those who are over 20kgs need a maximum of 2400ml per day.
Description of nutrients of concern or special concerns
The primary nutrient required during childhood are proteins, carbohydrates, fats, iron, folate, and calcium.
The most important is proteins as it enables the body to break down food, fight infections, carry oxygen and develop cells.
Physical activity recommendations
Children are encouraged to have reasonable to energetic-intensity physical activity every day.
Aerobic should be the best daily physical activity for children.
- Adolescence – helping teens meet nutrient needs
Definition of nutrient, energy and fluid needs.
Calcium, protein, iron, and energy are essential nutrients that need to be increased by adolescents.
Protein and calories (energy) are vital in pubertal growth.
Adolescent females need about 2200 calories per day while adolescents need 2500-3000 calories/day.
Fibre, vitamins, zinc, iron, calcium and fats are the extra intake requirements.
During this stage, liquid intake is vital for blood functions, mental focus, digestion, and the other biological processes.
The fluid intake should be from 100% fruit juice, low-fat milk, and water.
Description of nutrients of concern or special concerns
The well-known nutritional concerns among adolescents include high consumption of sweetened beverages, low consumption of vegetables and fruits, calcium, and whole grains; regular consumption of fast food and low consumption of low fats dairy food.
Physical activity recommendations
Adolescents should get one hour of adequate to vigorous exercise every day.
The activities have to be varied since some strengthen muscles or bones and others strengthen the heart.
- Adulthood – ageing and factors that affect it
Definition of nutrient, energy and fluid needs.
Adults should consume 10-35% protein, 45-65% carbohydrates, 20-35% fats and less than 10% saturated fat of daily calories.
Trans fats should be avoided as much as possible.
Calorie intake for adult women is required to be 1800-2200 calories every day while men are expected to consume 2200-2800 calories reliant on the activity level and age.
Young adults are recommended 3.7litres of fluid per day for men and 2.7litres per day for women.
The fluids may come from both liquid and food.
Description of nutrients of concern or special concerns.
Most adults may develop osteoporosis in future since they do not acquire adequate calcium from their diet.
Vitamin E, magnesium, fibre and potassium are other nutrients of concern.
Physical activity recommendations
Adults should do atleast two and a half hours of moderate-intensity aerobic activity all through the week.
Also, they should consider one and a quarter aerobic activity all through the week for one and a half hours.