Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis and Cellular

Respiration

1. a) Create a diagram that demonstrates the movement of energy from chloroplast to

Mitochondria. Include the equations for cellular respiration and photosynthesis?

Figure: 1

Source: Barker, H. (2019). The Influence of Argumentative Discourse on Pre-Service Teachers’ Alternative Conceptions of Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration.

With the photosynthesis, solar energy is cumulated by the chloroplasts as a sugar molecule. With the glycolysis and the respiration made by the mitochondria, the power is liberated and supplied to the cell for its biochemical process.

1. b) Describe the purpose of photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

The primary purpose of photosynthesis is to convert radiant energy from the sun into the chemical energy used as food. For Cellular respiration, it is the process whereby the occurrence is in the mitochondria of organisms both in animals and plants (Akçay, 2017). Therefore, to break down sugar in the presence of oxygen will enable the release of energy in the form of ATP.

1. c) Connect the processes of cellular respiration and photosynthesis. How do

They allow living things to create and use energy?

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration have a relationship in which enables life to survive as we are all aware of that. The products of one process are the reactants of the other. It is also important to note that the equation for cellular respiration is the direct opposite of photosynthesis (Parker, 2015).

• Cellular Respiration: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O
• Photosynthesis: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆+ 6O₂

Photosynthesis makes the glucose used in cellular respiration to make the ATP. The glucose is then turned back into the carbon dioxide used in the photosynthesis. The water is broken down to form oxygen during photosynthesis (Ryoo, 2015). Thus in cellular respiration, oxygen is then combined with the hydrogen to create water. While photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide, it releases oxygen through cellular respiration, which needs oxygen to release carbon dioxide. It is the released oxygen that is used by us and other organisms to allow cellular respiration (Bergan-Roller, 2020). We can breathe in the same oxygen carried through the blood to all cells. In our cells, oxygen allows the cellular respiration to progress. Therefore, cellular respiration works best in the presence of oxygen. However, without oxygen, much less ATP would be produced.

Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are essential parts of the carbon cycle. The carbon cycle is, therefore, the pathways through which carbon recycled in the biosphere. Therefore while cellular respiration releases the carbon dioxide into the environment, photosynthesis can pull carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere (Bergan-Roller, 2020).

Figure 2: the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen and cellular respiration worldwide that helps to keep the atmospheric oxygen and carbon dioxide at stable levels.

Source: Wierdsma, M., Knippers, M. C., van Oers, B., & Boersma, K. (2016). Recontextualizing cellular respiration in upper secondary biology education. Characteristics and practicability of learning and teaching strategy. Journal of biological knowledge, 50(3), 239-250.

1. d) Application Problems:
2. If a person moved from San Diego, CA to Estes Park, CO (elevation 7500

ft.), what would be the effect on cellular respiration for this person?

The atmospheric pressure drops; therefore, the partial pressure of O2 also drops proportionately. The hemoglobin, thus, circulates faster to allow the delivery of the same quantity of oxygen to work out the muscles in the mitochondria for cellular respiration. Therefore the increased basal circulation rates will enable the placement of the higher demand for oxygen to allow for the support (Rose, 2017). This will then trigger an increase in the red blood cell population. Therefore, there is more hemoglobin to deliver O2. With more RBCs in the circulation rates once more slows to the old basal rate.

2. In terms of cellular respiration, why is it necessary to incorporate plants into a terrarium along with fauna (animals)? This will decrease the surface area that is available in the absorption of oxygen through the inspired air, and thus reduce the efficiency of the cellular respiration (Heliovaara, 2018)

3. What effect might smoking cigarettes have on cellular respiration? The cell gets energy from the sources of food in the form of ATP. Therefore, it requires glucose and oxygen to start it (Campbell, 2016). Thus, smocking displaces oxygen. Cellular respiration then occurs slower than normal
4. Describe any disease symptoms that might be related to the interference or

Interruption of the processes of cellular respiration.

• Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS). The onset of KSS usually occurs before the age of 20. The symptoms include progressively constrained eye movements, droopy eyelids, and muscle weakness. Short stature, hearing loss, loss of coordination, heart problems, cognitive delays, and diabetes (Lobritz, 2015).
• Myoclonus epilepsy with ragged-red fibers (MERRF). MERFF is mitochondrial encephalomyopathy in which a mitochondrial defect, as well as a tissue abnormality called “ragged-red fibers.” MERFF is considered an accumulation of the diseased mitochondria found in them microscopically. The resulting symptoms include seizures, loss of coordination, short stature, the build-up of lactic acid in the blood, difficulty speaking, dementia, and muscle weakness (Lobritz, 2015).
• Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS). MELAS is a progressive mitochondrial disease that involves the multiple organ systems, which include the central nervous system, cardiac muscles, skeletal muscles, and gastrointestinal systems. Symptoms include muscle weakness, stroke-like events, eye muscle paralysis, and cognitive impairment (Campistol, 2015).
• Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON). LHON causes progressive loss of vision resulting in various degrees of blindness and primarily affects men over the age of 20. Heart abnormalities may also occur (Campistol, 2015).
• Leigh syndrome. This is a degenerative brain disorder that is usually diagnosed at a young age, sometimes even below two years old. Deterioration is often considered rapid, with symptoms such as seizures, dementia, feeding, and speech difficulties, respiratory dysfunction, heart problems, and muscle weakness. Prognosis is reduced with the death typically occurring within a few years of diagnosis (Campistol, 2015).

• Myoneurogenic gastrointestinal encephalopathy (MNGIE). The key features include symptoms that mimic the gastrointestinal obstruction and nervous system abnormalities. Other symptoms may consist of eye muscle paralysis, muscle weakness, loss of coordination, and brain abnormalities (Lobritz, 2015).
• Pearson syndrome. The symptoms are usually appearing in childhood through the characteristics of this rare syndrome. The symptoms include pancreatic dysfunction and anemia (low red blood cells). Difficulty gaining weight, diarrhea, and enlarged liver are other signs of Pearson syndrome (Zarei, 2015).
• Neuropathy, ataxia, and retinitis pigmentosa (NARP). The symptoms implied by the disorder include the nervous system abnormalities, loss of coordination, and progressive vision loss. Therefore, the developmental delays, dementia, and muscle weakness results to onset usually occurring in childhood (Zarei, 2015).

References

Akçay, S. (2017). Prospective elementary science teachers’ understanding of photosynthesis and cellular respiration in the context of multiple biological levels as nested systems. Journal of Biological Education, 51(1), 52-65.

Barker, H. (2019). The Influence of Argumentative Discourse on Pre-Service Teachers’ Alternative Conceptions of Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration.

Bergan-Roller, H. E., Galt, N. J., Helikar, T., & Dauer, J. T. (2020). Using concept maps to characterize cellular respiration knowledge in undergraduate students. Journal of Biological Education, 54(1), 33-46.

Campbell, A. M., & Paradise, C. J. (2016). Cellular Respiration. Momentum Press.

Campistol, J. M., Arias, M., Arista, G., Blasco, M., Espinosa, L., Espinosa, M., … & Román, E. (2015). An update for the atypical hemolytic uraemic syndrome: diagnosis and treatment. A consensus document. Nefrología (English Edition), 35(5), 421-447.

Heliovaara, K. (2018). Insects and pollution. CRC press.

Lobritz, M. A., Belenky, P., Porter, C. B., Gutierrez, A., Yang, J. H., Schwarz, E. G., … & Collins, J. J. (2015). Antibiotic efficacy is linked to bacterial cellular respiration. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(27), 8173-8180.

McCormick, A. J., Bombelli, P., Bradley, R. W., Thorne, R., Wenzel, T., & Howe, C. J. (2015). Biophotovoltaics: oxygenic photosynthetic organisms in the world of bioelectrochemical systems. Energy & Environmental Science, 8(4), 1092-1109.

Parker, J. M., Elizabeth, X. D. L. S., & Anderson, C. W. (2015). Learning progressions & climate change. The American Biology Teacher, 77(4), 232-238.

Rose, R., Oliver, A., & Rose, D. (2017). Limiting Factors in Mountain Stream Trout Habitat—Review of the Science.

Ryoo, K., & Linn, M. C. (2015). Designing and validating assessments of complex thinking in science. Theory Into Practice, 54(3), 238-254.

Wikstrom, M., Sharma, V., Kaila, V. R., Hosler, J. P., & Hummer, G. (2015). New perspectives on proton pumping in cellular respiration. Chemical Reviews, 115(5), 2196-2221.

Zarei, S., Carr, K., Reiley, L., Diaz, K., Guerra, O., Altamirano, P. F., … & Chinea, A. (2015). A comprehensive review of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Surgical neurology international, 6.