Albright, T. D. (2017). Why eyewitnesses fail. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(30), 7758-7764.
The author of this article is known as Thomas D Albright. This article is about why eyewitnesses fail. The material is helpful in that it informs about eyewitnesses’ credentials. For one, the report states that eyewitnesses play an essential role in the justice department. It is necessary to note that eyewitnesses help in the dissemination of justice by participating in the process. The panel of the National Academy of Sciences was prompted to undertake a study regarding the mistakes and failures of eyewitnesses. This study was aimed at identifying ways in which these mistakes could be corrected and improve the justice system. It is important to note that this report unveiled some surprising things, including how factors such as race and ethnicity affect witnessing. The credibility of this article cannot be questioned. The author has written, so many items also peer-reviewed that have come to be accepted in the community. Furthermore, the author has enough knowledge regarding the justice department.
Wells, G. L., & Olson, E. A. (2003). Eyewitness testimony. Annual Review of Psychology, 54(1), 277-295.
Elizabeth Olson is one of the most popular authors in psychology. She examines psychology and how it is related to Law. According to psychology, the justice department relies heavily on eye witness identification. This includes prosecuting and investing criminals. However, there are specific problems that face eye witness identification. This article serves to inform and censor the justice department of these problems. DNA has come as a relief for mistaken eye witness identification and helped exonerate the innocent people. This article reviews the developments in the literature concerning Law and the various ways the accuracy of eye witness identification is affected. This includes characteristics such as testimony and the lineup content of the witness. The article also points out that certain factors reduce the credibility of eye witness identification, such as race and ethnicity. This article contributes to this research by informing and imparting knowledge.
Brigham, J. C., Maass, A., Snyder, L. D., & Spaulding, K. (1982). Accuracy of eyewitness identification in a field setting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42(4), 673.
The authors of this research experimented with establishing the credibility of eye witness records. This experiment was aimed at identifying if race and ethnicity affect the perception of the eye witness. This experiment was carried out in a convenient store and included three study specimens, all of the different races and skin colors. From the results obtained, it is clear that eye witness identification is affected by things such as race and ethnicity. For one, people are not well-informed on the different races that exist. As such, they only see two sides of the coin, either black or white. This research proved that this leads to unlawful and unjust prosecutions in the courtroom. The courtroom should, therefore, come up with new ways to increase the credibility of the eyewitnesses as per their recommendations. This article contributes to this research in an experimental nature. For one, it proves these inconsistencies and offers advice for improvement.
Brigham, J. C., & Barkowitz, P. (1978). Do “They all look alike?” The Effect of Race, Sex, Experience, and Attitudes on the Ability to Recognize Faces 1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 8(4), 306-318.
The data provided in this article has been carried out by two credible authors. Besides, this material’s credibility has also been reviewed. This information contributes to this research in various ways. For one, it informs on the racial bias that exists in the justice department regarding facial recognition and eyewitness identifications. It is essential to note that people are more accurate when identifying people of their race. When it comes to different races, the tables change. In essence, a lot of mistakes are made when it comes to different races. This article utilized experimentation to help improve its credibility. The research was done in a black and white college. The results obtained from this research were consistent with the information provided in the article. The article reviewed related attitudes when it came to eyewitness identification. There was no correlation established between the two. The credibility of this article has been enhanced through the process of research.
Behrman, B. W., & Davey, S. L. (2001). Eyewitness identification in actual criminal cases: An archival analysis. Law and human behavior, 25(5), 475-491.
This article reviewed actual criminal cases. In contrast to other materials, this article used examples in the judicial system that were already considered and judged. This article contributes to this research in that; it brings a new perspective into the investigation. It is important to note that most of the materials presented above are engrained in experimental analysis. However, this brings in a new perspective by opening our mindsets to actual criminal cases. Furthermore, the article serves to inform and impart knowledge in our minds. The credibility of this article cannot be questioned mainly for two reasons. For one, the authors of this article are well-known article writers. These articles have been helpful and integrated into society. Secondly, the report utilizes material that is clear and unquestionable. This is mainly the case used to establish the conclusion. The intended audience of this article is law firm students and the judicial system in general.
MacLin, O. H., & Malpass, R. S. (2001). Racial categorization of faces: the ambiguous race face effect: psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 7(1), 98.
This article is focused on the accusations regarding the discrimination of minority races. It is important to note that the United States of America is a diverse country. However, strides to achieve equal and fair treatments are still underway. In as much as so much development has been made in this area, there are still a few deficits. The article contributes to this research by pointing out the different perceptions that exist in our minds regarding different races. For one, a study conducted in the police force and the general crowd shows that blacks have a higher chance of being pointed out as the enemy than whites. Secondly, the article contributes to this research by informing us that the police department is also subject to prejudices and unfairness in Law. While this might not always be done on purpose, it is clear that race and ethnicity affect eyewitness identification. The intended audience of this research is the police force and the general public. This article is peer-reviewed to establish the accuracy of the authors.
Schmechel, R. S., O’Toole, T. P., Easterly, C., & Loftus, E. F. (2006). BEYOND THE KEN? TESTING JURORS’UNDERSTANDING OF EYEWITNESS RELIABILITY EVIDENCE. Jurimetrics, 177-214.
This research involved a study conducted in the judicial system. The study was conducted among potential jurors. It is important to note that this article contributes to this research in different ways. For one, it points out the possible differences in human memory. This is an essential factor to be considered in the study. Sometimes biasness is not intentional, and this factor should be established. Secondly, the article looks at why so many eyewitness experts are usually discredited and if their input goes a long way to impact the judicial system. It is essential to note that this study was conducted among potential jurors to establish the correlation in the practicing jurors. All these people are dedicated to the dissemination of justice, and their input is critical. The credibility of this article is improved through the process of experimental analysis. The audience of this article is the people in general, but the jurors most importantly. The study aims to censor the judicial system.
Pigott, M., & Brigham, J. C. (1985). Relationship between accuracy of prior description and facial recognition. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70(3), 547.
This study was aimed at investigating the accuracy and appropriateness of the Supreme Court in evaluating eyewitnesses. This article contributes to this study by looking at the accuracy of an eyewitness description of a suspect by looking at his/her line up. This study took an experimental analysis form by looking at one hundred and twenty undergraduates. It was aimed at proving the disparities that exist between the identification of a person from one person to another. The study contributes to this research by pointing out how the credibility of eyewitnesses is affected by race and ethnicity. This study was aimed at imparting knowledge to people about these differences. The potential audience of this study is the prospective jurors, the judicial system, and all people involved in the dissemination of justice. The authors of this article are well-known, and their work has been accepted into the society thus credible.
Rutledge, J. P. (2000). They all look alike: The inaccuracy of cross-racial identifications. Am. J. Crim. L., 28, 207.
The Michigan law school has integrated and accepted this article in its studies regarding race. Thus the credibility of this article cannot be questioned. This article contributes to this research by pointing out the potential biases and inaccuracies that exist in eyewitness identification. This article also includes different factors that may lead to the mistake of eyewitness identification. In essence, this article tries to establish the root cause of the problem. It is important to note that this article takes into consideration the civil and discrimination rights in its study. In as much as these laws have been enacted, differences and disparities still exist in society. The potential audience of this article is law students, jurors, and the discrimination and justice department. It serves to inform people of the inaccuracies that exist. This article takes into account the experiments conducted in this sector and their results. These results are then integrated to establish an outcome.
Natarajan, R. (2003). Racialized Memory and Reliability: Due Process Applied to Cross-Racial Eyewitness Identifications. NYUL Rev., 78, 1821.
It is important to note that in the United States of America, people accused of a crime based on cross-racial eyewitnesses are not afforded due process. This article contributes to this research by looking at ways in which biases and inaccuracy are formed when it comes to eyewitness-race-related cases. The report points out that people are more accurate when it comes to identifying people of their race other than other races. Secondly, this article contributes to this research by informing on the disparities that exist in the United States. It is essential to note that the United States is a diverse country. While strides have been made to enhance equality, differences still exist. The article points out that perception also brings out these differences in the judicial system. The primary audience of this study is the legal system. The study aims to inform and censor them on the decisions and choices they make regarding eyewitnesses. The second audience is the police department who is involved in bringing in these eyewitnesses.