Suppose that an oracle offers to solve the Diffie-Hellman problem for you. Explain how you can use the oracle to decrypt messages that have been encrypted using the ElGamal public-key cryptosystem.

Suppose that an oracle offers to solve the Diffie-Hellman problem for you. Explain how you can use the oracle to decrypt messages that have been encrypted using the ElGamal public-key cryptosystem.

Solve

It is to determine a solution to a given challenge of the problem that exists in a given set up. Further, it focuses mainly on figuring how to find out the answer to a complicated riddle. In some cases, it can be described as a way to establish some dealing with some context.

Answer to the question

The Diffie Hellman problem is mainly the mathematical issue that was proposed by involved inventors in the context of cryptography. The main focus is to capture several security systems that use a one-way function. Decrypting this problem by the ELGaamal public key would require its algorithm to be computed by the public key, which comprises the plaintext and cyphertext that will be used in decrypting the information.

A20

Read “Margaret Thatcher: Entering a Man’s World” (28-1b). Was Thatcher’s appearance at the Llandudno Conference just a fluke, or was it a case of “being in the right place at the right time”? Was she, paradoxically, an innovative conservative? Would she have fared as well if she had been a Labourite? Why or why not? Was Thatcher a “feminist”? Why or why not?

Appearance

It is the way an individual looks or even how something looks. Further, the appearance expresses some elements such as facial, skin tone, or even the posture of an individual. In most cases, it takes place when an individual wants to address the public.

Answer to the question

The appearance of thatcher at the Llandudno conference can be described as a case of being at the right place and at the right time because there was a need for change that was bound to take place in the long run. The influence of men in leadership requires a new direction to meet the needs of the people, and thatcher assisted in creating the feminist character to express the freedom for other women to take up the challenge.

A21

Give a virtue theoretical critique of the role of the rating agencies in creating the financial crisis of 208. 2. Give a virtue theoretic critique of the role of credit default swaps in creating the financial crisis of 2008. 3. Give a virtue theoretical argument for the claim that blindspots are ethically problematic. 4. Give a consequentialist argument for the claim that blindspots are ethically problematic

Theoretical critique

Theoretical critique is described as the approach that is useful in examining the literary work regarding some of the established theories. The context used in this case focuses on issues relating to support for the existing development of literary theory. The ideology on this issue focus on elements to legality, and aesthetic on practices for analysis and evaluation of concepts.

Answer to the question

The primary role of the rating agencies, especially in creating the financial crisis of 2008 was to ensure the marketing activities and highlighting the need to corporate to the debt capability was essential. Besides, it also provided an understanding for the people on how to manage the ratings to be able to secure loans appropriately. The role in default swap was mainly to integrate or make a favourable solution to the affected individuals with a poor rating and have credit to have new deals that can enable them to access more loans. The argument on the claims that blind spots are ethically problematic exists when there are cases of implicit biases as well as temporal distance exhibited from an ethical dilemma. The applications on these issues, especially implicit biases, address issues on social cognition on the unconscious attitude that may lead people to act primarily against both their negative as well as positive views.

A22

In the Bid-Rent Model for both firms and households, we argued that the outcome represents zero profit and utility conditions, respectively. Describe why this is the case

Bid-Rent Model

This is a geographical, economic theory that determines how the price, as well as demand in real estate within the central business district, often increases. Besides, it also focuses on the involvement of land users to compete with others to gain the prime location. The focus on the bid-Ren Model is on the idea that profitability should be maximized for profitability.

Answer to the question

The explanation to the case is that land users are mainly competing to ensure their accessibility to land that is in the CBD. The amount in which they are willing to pay, known as bid rent, is critical in predicting the patterns of the concentric issues on the use of land to create these zone models. Besides, the theory also assumes that the poorest houses and the buildings are found out of the city centers because this is the only location in which an individual can afford to occupy.

A23

Describe the tax ramifications of qualified and non-qualified employer contribution programs. Describe the basic types of employer-sponsored qualified retirement plans. Compare and contrast a 401(k) plan, Keogh, SEP, and traditional and Roth IRA

Tax ramifications

It is the issues or implications exhibited in the tax system. Further, it is also a taxable event in which transaction triggers to one or even more taxes. The main concern is to determine set rules that are put in place for consequences.

Answer to the question

The qualified plans mainly have tax-deferred contribution systems that the employer often deduct some amounts to contribute to the plan. Non-qualified plans mainly apply the use of after-tax for the aim of funding the plan where employers cannot claim their contribution as part of tax deduction. Some of the basic types of employer-sponsored qualified retirement plans consist of the 401(k) plan, SIMPLE plan, SEP plan, among others. The 401 (k) plan is a type of retirement savings account in which it allows an employee to divert some of their salaries to long term investment. Keogh, on the other hand, is a type of plan that is self-designed by an employee.

SEP is considered to be a retirement plan where an employer or individuals can establish by allowing an employer to deduct tax for them to been eligible for contribution.

Question 1: Do you always want to adjust the capital/ labor ratio and the savings rate to the golden rule level? Is this the ideal situation that should be pursued every time if you can vary your capital/ savings?

Golden Rule Level

The golden rule level of capital refers to a situation where the marginal product of capital matches the rate of depreciation. The principle reveals that when an economy operates at golden rule capital level, the golden rule level comes into play and consumption rate is ever increasing. In closer terms, an increase in savings and adjusting production resources to the golden rule level is what induces an economy to reach a steady-state and counter the depreciation rate.

Answer to the question:

When capital or labour ratio and savings rate are adjusted to the golden rule level, consumption level increases. an increase in consumption favours an economy’s GDP as both capital and labour are resources utilized in the automation of a production process hence, raising income and consumption. In like manner, adjustment of the saving rate to golden rule level would be the best decision since the act will maximize the steady growth of consumption and replenish the capital stock when depreciated. When varying production resources and savings, adjusting to the golden rule level may not always work since, increasing use depends on other factors such as production planning and control. Realigning an entire production line could be as well necessary to facilitate consumption and maximize profitability through, for instance, cost-saving and quality management.

Question 2: Using two analytical tools (either an approach or a specific tool, e.g., Porter, RBV, Transaction Cost Analysis, Principal Agency Theory, etc.) analyze the strategy of any corporation, of your choice(you must choose a different organization than for the company analysis paper), in the agricultural or financial sector. Pay special attention to aspects of corporate social(ir)responsibility, sustainability, and socio-economic impact also concerning neoliberal economic policies. (Washington Consensus, subsidies, business practices, etc.). Besides, the use of material from articles as well as the book, Bad Samaritans”, is required. That is to say, include the international aspects of the corporation as well. Incorporate research on subsidies as well as aspects of the ever-present “Growth Model” driving business and economics.

Lloyds Banking Group

Lloyds banking group is among the earliest financial corporations based in Gresham street of London, pioneered by Lloyds TSB in the year 1695. The banking group’s activities are organized into retail banking, financial activities, insurance, and investment banking since the company operate globally. In 2019, the company’s gross revenue was 42.356 billion euros, of which the operating income was 4.393 billion euros.

Answer to the question:

Focusing on Lloyd’s banking group transaction cost analysis, the company’s strategy with regards to reviving neoliberalism has been met. To illustrate, the use of all LINK machines provides on-screen information warning on transactional charges before completing a transaction. Additionally, the company charges a fee on each item individually purchased. Moreover, a debit fee is chargeable for the total sum of the bulk payments batch, which is much inexpensive than charging on individual items. All the above measures that contemporarily involve lowering trade tariffs and regulating price controls are strategies that aim at enhancing neoliberalism. Other motivating incentives for the company include a mere annual 10% for all money lent and a total waiver on all electronic transactions. The neo-liberal economic policies especially the 0.1 interest on all loans aims at attracting attention from the international communities to partner with the company’s financial activities. Lloyd top management officials have ethically exploited their employees’ potential to secure the flourishing business position; thus, utilizing the principal-agent theory. The company’s governing heads monitor their agents’ culture, values, and standards and appropriately channel the diverse capabilities of the employees to the most effective areas depending on the existing financial loops. The administration and managerial staff have also teamed up to initiate a remuneration scheme for the employees. The action considerably motivates the employees to offer more of their ability to the company. Both moves are strategies Lloyd banking group has devised with the principal goal of imbuing a spirit of corporate social responsibility among its agents. Consequently, the employee staff positively influence socio-economics, such as invoking customers’ purchase and preference for the company. Question 3: In a world where the public holds no currency but where banks keep fractional reserves against deposit liabilities, explain how an injection of a new base, say from The Fed’s purchase of securities –leads to new M1 which is a multiple of the new base. Tell a story to illustrate this process what if the public holds currency: How does the money creation process work, and how is the money multiplier determined?

Currency

Currency is any money in circulation and used as a medium of exchange. A currency is dispatched by depositories to the general public, multiply and the process reverses to the depositories where it is stored as deposits. Different nations have different currencies of use wheres some have merged currencies, for instance, Berlin and Chad.

Answer to the question:

Injection of a new monetary base in the banking sector will increase the bank’s reserve. A bank would then lend out the excess deposits through credits to the public to add up on the reserves in the form of interests. By increasing the reserve ratio, the volume of deposits that can support a given level of reserves drops which in turn reduces the available money in circulation or M1 while raising the credit cost.

A small group of 3 participated in a sale circulation with only one party possessing currency and intending to purchase an item from a colleague. The first individual X buys a TV set from person R for $50. R purchases a refrigerator from individual Z for the same $ 50. In the above example, the same currency was used in 2 transactions for $50 worth of financial transactions. Hence, the money creation process would not happen since the process occurs by raising the cost of currency value to add up on deposit or literally, profit. Similarly, the determination of money multiplier is based on currency ratio, thus, with public holding money, money multiplier would not exist as no extra coin is generated from the reserve to account for the currency ratio.

Question 4: THE CORPORATION: 1. Should corporations be entitled to the same legal rights as individuals? Where should the line be drawn (i.e, example, should corporations be able to donate to political campaigns, or what restrictions are needed)? Is it politically feasible to “Draw the line?” Why? or Why not? 2. A benefit of free international trade at lower prices. Lower prices often come with a high social cost, especially in poor countries. What do you think of the trade agreements?

Corporations

Corporations are usually formed by a group of people under the authorization of a state to work as a single entity. They exist in different types depending on a jurisdiction’s law. Their formations are dictated majorly on the grounds of either, profit making or stock issuers.

Answer to the question:

1)Controversially, jurisdictions of most lands have raised a strong concern regarding the entitlement of corporations’ legal rights as with individuals. Notably, still, there exists a sharp contrast between individuals and profit-making corporations since the corporations are most likely to be pioneers of human rights’ violations as national authorities. Deepening the contrast, humans also can be breakers of peace and initiators of violence. As a lasting solution thus, both should be subjected to particular rights such as the right to property ownership while excluding corporations from some. For instance, boundaries should be set when guaranteeing certain rights to corporations such as a right to political donations or direct engagement in political affairs This is to mark the distinction between business from other dimensions of life for other parties and acknowledge the role played by each stakeholder in nation-building.

2) Trade agreements are a measure that governments use to facilitate trade between or among different states in bilateral or multilateral consensus. Cutting across all the parameters of trade such as health and safety, regulatory standards, and investment they nevertheless, impart high social cost in underdeveloped countries. High social cost is mainly due to low trade returns in support of economic sustainability. To revamp the situation, considerable price agreements should be adequately addressed before engaging in the trade to secure sustainable profits from the trade for the underdeveloped states.

Question 1: Summarize the article “Trading liberty for illusions” by Wendy Kaminer in 300 words by following the steps:- the central idea of the passage, what, who, why, where, when, and how. The authors conclusion-the subject of the description and its key features

Wendy Kaminer

Wendy Kaminer, 71- year old, hails from America and has served in different capacities as an advocate, civil libertarian and author of several books that touch on contemporary social matters. In her writing career, Wendy has authored countless books and articles among them, and We Don’t Cower in Fear, sleeping with Extra-Terrestrials and, Trading Liberty for Illusions. The heart of the authored work was founded on battling anti-social practices and spreading feminism.

Answer to the question:

Passionate of civic freedom, Kaminer in her article draws a portray of how terrorist invasions of 11th September 2001 impacted civil liberty. Mainly due to the government resorting to using forceful measures to wage war on terror, security departments wrongly utilized the opportunity to breach human rights and break privacies in the pretence of combating terror, an action that Wendy claims were unbalanced with civil liberties. Alongside forceful measures, Wendy argues that government interventions should scale up from the accustomed means of tracking criminal’s unsafe schemes through the use of devices such as CCTV gadgets. To specify, she spots that most electronic surveillance mechanisms, such as facial recognition systems have never recorded a single person in the security photograph database. Instead of performing the intended purpose, camera operators use the database to stalk women and harass citizens. The above illustration affirms the inefficiency of state adapted measures to curbing anti-social behaviors. Instead of an over-reliance on governments’ protective machinery, the voice of civil libertarians is critical at times of political, social and economic hardships as the central idea. Wendy, however, is sorrowful when she cites the government’s cruelty at undermining the libertarians. For instance, the author points out to the then president, Woodrow Wilson, apprehension of Eugene Debs for criticizing the U. S government to participate in world war 1. In conclusion, Wendy Kaminer features the troubles of libertarians in the government’s face through bitter oppression by national securities. Due to the oppression of civil liberties, Wendy clearly shows the missing critical role of guaranteeing the collective responsibility of a citizenry in nation-building as the key feature of the liberties.

Question 2: Use urban Economic and base economies to answer these short questions. (a) Why do cities exist? Why don’t we all just live on large lots of land in Texas /rural Ontario etc.? We could be self -sufficient and avoid all the hassles of city life. (b) Why is Bay street a thing? Wouldn’t each of the financial firms be better off being in a smaller city away from each other? Would have less competition, offer their employees less money due to lower cost of living and have lower rent(c) Why is Las Vegas so much cheaper than Toronto? It is lower rent square foot of living space, shorter buildings, large home sizes, lower density, Why? (d) If economies are such big fans of congestion pricing, why don’t we see it more often in the real world? (e) How could we implement congestion pricing so that it would make all road users better off?

Urban and Base economics

Urban economics is the economics of cities and focusses on local effects of macro-economic forces, the necessity of integrated land use, urban infrastructure, housing policies, and urban challenges such as congestion. On the other hand, base economics refers to investors or firms who generate jobs locally or regionally. Both are parallel to each other since urban economics define the kind of job creation opportunities that enterprisers can explore specifically in urban areas.

Answer to the question:

(A)The creation or existence of cities is a phenomenon that follows the Principle of Least Effort, according to economic base theory. The principle states that the possible generation of business which leads to income occurs where there exists an immense population. Thus, cities exist due to a majority population seeking favorable places to trade. Though, cumbersome, a huge population prefers city life primarily due to the trade exchanges which guarantee economies of scale for entrepreneurs and trade firms. For instance, if everyone lived on their backyard land, all would-be producers meaning no business which translates to no income hence zero profits and a compounded problem of economic poverty.

B) Unlike Bay street in Ontario, Canada, which is considered the centre of Canadian financial operations and Toronto’s financial district, most countries have their financial firms far split among its’ cities. This is because most financial hubs opt to invest their operations in various locations due to the surety of current and future long-term financial securities. The securities aid at managing operations on the occurrence of emergencies as well as securing financial goals for the future. Additionally, firms invest in most places to attract a larger market share.

(C) Las Vegas is an American city in Nevada and the leading financial, commercial, and cultural city of Nevada state similar to Toronto, Ontario’s capital in Canada. Both being huge, populous cities, Las Vegas is, however, estimated to be 8% cheaper to Toronto for instance in terms of consumer prices such as rent owing to its low population density compared to Toronto.

(D) Congestion pricing refers to a means of charging an extra fee on services subject to inelastic demand increase such as transport service. Though economists advocate the use of congestion pricing as a way of increasing the tax basket, harsh impact on businesses such as the threatening collapse of small service business in the cities and inequality is what has probably hampered implementation of the pricing. (E) The pricing method, according to transport economics, is essential if implemented through the use of a free price mechanism. Free price mechanisms are intended to sensitize road users concerning the costs that are charged on drivers and motorists during peak hours. This is to ensure that passengers pay the additional fee for the negative externalities they create to the environment. Question 3: Read the paper by Levitt and Syverson (2007). “Market Distortions when agents are better informed: The value of information in Real Estate Transactions.” Imagine you are relocating 3 months from now and wish to sell your home. You consider either hiring a real estate agent or putting the property for sale yourself. 1) Explain how you are going to make this decision. If you have a real estate agent, will the agent be willing to work in your interest in finding the best customer possible? 2) Design two ways in which you can motivate the real estate agent to act in your best interest. Will your incentive scheme work? Make use of references to support your claim Real Estate Transactions Real estate refers to any utilized land together with the surrounding natural resources and occurs under four categories namely residential, commercial, and industrial. Transactions in real estate refer to the process of negotiating, agreeing, and executing real estate transfer. The entire process involves an intermediary at the initial stage, listing agreements and ownership transfer in the final stage.

Answer to the question: 1) Based on the information from Levitt and Syverson (2007), fully entrusting real estate agents for property sale is highly risky given the vast knowledge of the agents which enables them to exploit the informational advantage. The reason is majorly due to the professionalism of the job that is hidden from the general public. Therefore, as a house seller, I would regard sourcing the knowledge on property valuation, sale, and house market from scholarly articles concerning property sale before bidding my house. This is because scholarly information is unbiased and can be relied upon when making critical decisions such as asset sales. If for instance, I have a real estate agent, the possibility of the agent seeking a customer of my choice is rare since agents receive a share of incremental profit for a higher value which equates to the higher market price of the asset contrary to the owner’s selling price. 2) To persuade the real estate agent to act on my interest I can use a win-win perspective by offering a 25% commission to the agent on the asset price above the negotiated price. A similar strategy would apply if the agent fails to meet the targeted price. An alternative persuasion can be offering the sales agent a series of listings on the event of complying with the bid’s price. The incentive schemes above are the result- oriented hence, effective to ensure that the realtor acts in congruency with the seller according to Henry& Abdullah (2001). Question 4: based on t Looking at Yahoo’s current 10-k report and proxy statement, answer the following questions. (A) According to the compensation committee, is the current compensation of the top executive(s) justified based on the company’s and/or current performance. (B) Review the management’s discussions and analysis of the financial condition and results of the operations (the MD&A) in the company’s annual report. Based on the information in the MD&A, is the compensation of the top executives justified? Is it consistent with the compensation committees’ analysis? (C) Based on the information in the proxy statement, and the annual report, would any of the other executive officers be an appropriate replacement for the CEO? If not, whom would you recommend as an outside candidate (Hint: Review the profiles of top management in competitors’ annual report Yahoo Yahoo is an American based company headquartered in Sunnyvale, California whose cardinal operations are web service provision. Currently, the company is owned by Verizon Communications and accruing revenue of approximately 5.17 billion U.S dollars. It is among the few web providers such as Google, Tubidy, My way, and Opera. Answer to the question: A) Based on the annual financial reports under the current form,10-k, issued by the principal executive office at the close of the 2016 financial year, the records dictated as follows. The aggregate market value of closing stock shares held by registered non- affiliates inclusion of the executives totaled $ 32.7 billion compared to the amount in the first quarter of 2017 which amounted to $36.4 billion. In line with the compensation committee, making up for the top executive’s financial breach is unjustifiable owing to the comparative profit margins of 2016/2017. B) The company’s gross revenue shot up from $1087 million in 2016 to $ 3287 million in the following year according to financial analysis of the management. The robust increase in proceeds returns was proportional to the proxy statement of the annual report in 10-k, which further affirms the unjustifiability of the executives’ compensation. Both reports analyzing yahoo’s financial records are consistent which is proven in the growth of the increment of profit and closing stock share. C) Based on the results from the analysis, an external party would not be best suited for Marrisa Mayer’s CEO’s seat. Instead, I would recommend Indriasari, the current secretary for Yahoo company in the CEO’s position. This is so to ensure the consistency of the company’s upscale operations. Question 5: Use the CAGE (Cultural, Administrative, Geographical, and Economic) Framework to Analyze The Cross Border Integration of Spain and Germany. Cross Border Integration Cross border integration is a complex process that defines Integration from the perspective of the border porosity to flows. The process involves a mutual understanding and a willingness to cooperate between the nations concerned. Among the significant roles, it plays include, culture enrichening and strengthening economic bonds of border states.

Answer to the question:

Exploring cross border integration of the European Union, the Integration is highly considered to increase European harmony; thus, largely effected on European states example Spain and Germany. In the cultural context, Spaniards have continuously migrated to Germany in the adventure of job opportunities. Around the European Union, Germany is sought to be the best place for settlement especially by Spain owing to the sophisticated life and countless opportunities for virtually all level careers. This has forced the Spaniards to adopt German culture, the language to fit in the society. On the economic front, the Spanish government has welcomed the signing of a treaty on Integration and cooperation with Germany and France. The treaty was intended to reinforce the economic and monetary union together with the promotion of tax convergence of the states. The treaty has encouraged cross border integrations that deepen and intensifies states’ unity. Administrative policies also have served a great role in strengthening border cohesion, especially the administrative policies by Spain, which focuses on enlarging legal migrations hence committed to Integration. The policies were a result of the Spanish economic crisis, which forced the government to adopt measures that would revive the economy. Furthermore, the policy’s specific target is Germany taking into consideration the country’s best trading partner. On the geographic dimension, Germany is bound to Spain by Belgium, and Luxembourg where both are members of the European Union and Eurozone. The situation eased cross border interactions of Spain and Germany facilitated by the linking infrastructure

References

Levitt &Syversson(2007). “Market Discussions when Agents are Better Informed: The Value of

Information in Real Estate”.

Munneke J& Yavas A(2001). The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics.22,5-21(2001).

Asset 51

Think of the importance of trade in your life. Look simply at what you’re wearing today. When you shop, do you look for the “Made in the USA” label? Perhaps you believe we might be better off as a nation economically if we produced more goods in the attempt to become more self-supportive. Perhaps you believe we should increase the amount of goods traded internationally. Opinions and speculation vary as much as the number of economists that predict economic climate. Having said this, as a nation, simply put, we trade. And with that activity come many rules and regulations to try and ensure our best interests are protected. Based on this; 1. How is international trade regulated? Log on to www.wto.org and click the “Trade Topics” tab to learn about the scope of trade agreements and trade controversies. What is involved in “trade agreements”? 2. Log on to www.bea.gov and view the “International” tab, then “Trade in Goods and Services.” What is the current balance of trade for the United States? Has this balance been increasing or decreasing? Based on the current economic conditions, how do you thing this balance will move in the near future, and why?

No country can satisfy its needs without depending on other countries. It is the main reason why trade has to take place. Trading helps consumers get products at fair prices; hence countries have a deal with each other to cover the others’ needs.

Although every country has a mutual benefit from others, it is essential to protect their interests. WTO has set regulations and binding tariffs to protect trade amongst countries. To protect the regional business, a bilateral agreement between the countries associated is written under WTO prerogative. These agreements are supervised by the Committee on Regional Trade Agreement (CRTA). There have been over 800 regional trade agreements across the globe, and they entail set rules on how to conduct trade between countries without violating their domestic production rules.
As of the 4th quarter of 2019, the account balance had a deficit of 109 billion dollars. From 2014-2019 there has been a relatively small change in trade balance ranging from 100 billion dollars to 125 billion dollars. Due to the current situation on the covid-19 pandemic, the US economy faces recession, and for this reason, we expect the deficit balance to soar higher in the next quarters.

Asset 52

BIS 430: Project Management Project Summary: Move a baking company’s fastest-growing business to a larger building across town (Houston, TX). The location must accommodate a large kitchen, an ample storefront, and added space to meet with large clients. The location must be prime for foot traffic and parking. Some remodeling money is available to bring a prime location into an appropriate workspace. All equipment must be moved or replaced with newer baking technology. The new location and technology will require the retraining of employees prior to opening day. Training methods, timelines, and the opening day will be determined by the project manager. The move must be “marketed”, that is, communicated to current and potential customers in a way that is positive and increases business. The move must happen with minimal disruption to business and the bakery should not be closed for any significant period of time. Assignment: One of the most important members of your project team (use your course project as a reference for this question) has suggested that outsourcing some of the work for the project may be beneficial. As the project manager, you’ve decided to research the possibility, so that you can present the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing to the project team at the next status update meeting. While following the posting guidelines for the discussion forum, identify project tasks that could be outsourced, then, for each, identify both advantages and disadvantages associated with outsourcing these tasks so that the project team will have sufficient evidence to make an informed decision about outsourcing. End the posting with a clear and defendable recommendation to outsource or not to outsource this project work. Provided works cited, if any.

Outsourcing is an approach used by organizations to hire individuals or other companies to provide services or handle specific tasks. Outsourcing it is of considerable significance since it pushes for innovation and cheap labor.

About the project BIS 430, several tasks can be outsourced. These tasks include marketing, customer support, supply chain management, and facility management. Outsourcing is a great idea to solve matters arising from an organization, and it has its advantages for instance,

Outsourcing back-office activities helps relieve work burden and be able to focus on significant problems of the business
It helps in saving costs due to cheap labor and low overhead costs.
It encourages production maximization in an organization.
The firm is free from investing in technology and infrastructure.

However, outsourcing has its cons;

There is a significant risk of losing the company’s data, and there is no confidentiality.
Providers may not give their clients 100% attention since they are serving other people.
There are legal challenges and other hidden costs that come along with the outsourcing.
There is a high possibility of losing management control since most of the activities have been outsourced.

In my recommendation, it is crucial as a young business owner not to engage outsourcing providers since there are high chances the business might fail or lower market confidence.

Asset 53

CREATE AN ECONOMIC AND MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING PLAN: Assume that you have just been hired as a financial consultant to a startup company that plans to introduce a new beverage to the soft drink market. Your company?s product is advertised as a healthier alternative to soda and other artificially flavored drinks. The all-natural sparkling beverage has only 25 calories, 5 grams of sugar, no chemicals or preservatives, and comes in four fruit flavors: orange, pineapple, apple and grape. Two years ago the product was introduced in Florida. The phenomenal growth in sales since its introduction demonstrates that the product and its marketing possess tremendous potential. Accordingly, the company wants to explore possibly expanding sales of the product to the rest of the U.S. market. Although the company has been highly profitable, the management group has little to no financial experience. Most decisions to date have been made on the basis of “does it feel right” as opposed to rigorous, data based financial analysis. The company has no system of financial oversight and the managers of the company have a limited understanding of sound management accounting practices. You have been asked to provide the company with a general analysis of this proposed project. Your specific task is to produce a report discussing the following key aspects of this expansion project: A microeconomic analysis of the current state of the soft drink market in the U.S. and how any recent developing trends may affect the demand for this product. A macroeconomic analysis of the state of the U.S. economy and the impact this may have on the demand for this new product. A list of key management accounting practices that the company must put in place to support their planned expansion. Each item you list must be fully explained to the management group so they understand how and why the practice is necessary to manage the growth that will come with expansion of the product to different states. Be sure to consider the fact that the company will need outside financing and may even consider the possibility of going public to sell its stock on an exchange.

Every business needs to have a financial oversight committee that will countercheck the transaction activities carried out by an organization. Proper accounting practices ought to be installed to ensure the company is maximizing its profits.

The economy of the US is mixed; therefore, it operates in a free market. The anticipation of the upsurge of GDP sets the country on a reasonable basis for doing business both locally and globally. Fiscal policies by the federal government to subsidize young business is a massive boost to this soft drink company. Since 2008-2018 there has been a high rise of carbonated drinks which so far are termed to be unhealthy. There is a high demand for health drinks not only in Texas but in the whole country. The introduction of healthy drinks will find a ready market with no competition. In this case, the company will monopolize every corner of the country, giving 100 plus profit returns. Low tax on drinks will be an added advantage to the company since it will increase its production. The significant management accounting practices include;

Standard cost; this is a technique that is used to analyze the factors of the business, such as labor and materials. This approach will help the company to minimize loses.
Job costing; is a method of assessing the amount of labor required by the company, and it’s a tool to calculate the firm’s returns.
Variance analysis; is a significant practice since it compares the cost of raw materials from different dimensions. It will also evaluate the labor variance on your employees.
Risk management; it is crucial to gauge the number of risks involved in every business, especially for a startup company.
Resource management; the available resources are supposed to well utilized. This practice ensures expansion is made easy.

Asset 54

Use the Internet to research one (1) developing nation of your choice. Your research should include an examination of the effects that war and peace have on the distribution of foreign aid. Assess the positive and negative effects that peace and war, respectively, have on the distribution of foreign aid in the developing country that you have selected. Support your response with concrete examples of each of the results that you have cited. Analyze the specific actions that the leadership of the selected country has taken, through the use of its foreign aid from donor nations and international lending institutions, to relieve the severe problems caused by warfare. Discuss whether or not the extension of foreign aid has successfully reduced poverty and the incidence of warfare in the selected country. Support your response with examples. Use at least five (5) quality academic resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia, blogs, and other nonacademic websites do not qualify as academic resources. Approval of resources is at the instructor’s discretion. Resources must also be within the last seven (7) years. Analyze how funding in the form of aid, investment, and loans moves from industrialized nations to the developing world to alleviate the problems caused by warfare. Use technology and information resources to research issues in sociology of developing countries. Write clearly and concisely about sociology of developing countries using proper writing mechanics.

Most developing countries have been enraged with war, for example, Yemen in the middle east. War and peace, they can’t coexist. Therefore it is a great challenge to solve both; IMF banks have directed billions of dollars to Yemen to seek peace. Funding the government forces causes rebel from the militants who make peace negotiations hard. There are no adverse effects of peace but one positive impact of war causes the economy to grow. It leads to more weapon production and create jobs by instilling machinery to fight. Consequently, the more the fight escalates, the lesser the chances of meeting peace criteria. Yemen has not used foreign aid extensively in helping recuperate the enormous damage of civil war. Due to corrupt leaders, most resources have not helped the citizens. Civil wars cause high poverty in a nation, these donations from foreign countries they rarely reduce the poverty level since mostly they are made to build defense machinery for the Yemen government. Therefore, the extension of these aids has not helped the nation as anticipated. Major social problems with developing countries are civil wars, poverty, and terrorism. Debt can decline the government institutions’ resilience, which weakens power and authority.

Østby, G. (2008). Inequalities, the political environment and civil conflict: evidence from 55 developing countries. In: Horizontal Inequalities and Conflict (ed. F. Stewart). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan UK.

Humphreys, M., & Weinstein, J. M. (2008). Who fights? The determinants of participation in civil war. American Journal of Political Science 52(2), 436-455.

Mercier, M., Ngenzebuke, R. L., & Verwimp, P. (2016). Violence exposure and welfare over time: Evidence from the Burundi civil war.

Asset 55

Two research organizations rank countries by their economic competitiveness with quite different results. Based on these rankings address the following questions; Provide a brief (one paragraph) overview of this week’s material. Why do they do reach different conclusions? Explain which research organization’s ranking best describes the state of the world economy. One ranking comes from the World Economic Forum, http://www.weforum.org/ It describes itself as follows: The World Economic Forum is an independent international organization committed to improving the state of the world by engaging business, political, academic and other leaders of society to shape global, regional and industry agendas. Incorporated as a not-for-profit foundation in 1971, and headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the Forum is tied to no political, partisan or national interests. The report on competitiveness is available at: http://reports.weforum.org/global-competitiveness-report-2014- 2015/ Another ranking, described in the textbook comes from the Heritage Foundation http://www.heritage.org/ It describes itself as follows: Founded in 1973, The Heritage Foundation is a research and educational institute – a think tank – whose mission is to formulate and promote conservative public policies based on the principles of free enterprise, limited government, individual freedom, traditional American values, and a strong national defense. The report is available at: http://www.heritage.org/index/Default.a spx

Research organizations evaluate the economic situations of countries by considering macroeconomic analysis. Through the data, they can rank each country according to its economic strength.

World Economic Forum has been drilling on every country’s data to come out with more precise legitimate data before ranking them. The most appealing thing with the organization is non-partisan; therefore, there is no political influence that might tamper with their information. Although the heritage foundation is an excellent organization that offers educative forums and economic recommendations, it is bipartisan, and therefore, it is influenced by the policies of the US. The two organizations have essential information on most countries of the globe, and this information helps understand potential business opportunities across the sea. However, the World Economic Forum is more diversified hence its legibility in terms of business and political information affecting different economies. This organization (WEF) represents its information with deeper insights since it is guided by the missions and objectives of the firm.

Asset 56

QUESTION : Peer review Play devil’s advocate and attempt to debunk peers’ opinions on the advantages and disadvantages of an open economy: During the 1960s the U.S. was the largest exporter of farm products. U.S. farmers supplied over 20% of the world’s agricultural exports. Crops from one and every four harvested acres were exported. Of the $6.7 billion U.S. agricultural exports in 1965-66, a record $5.1 billion were commercial sales for dollars, and $1.6 billion moved under Public Law 480 (foreign currency sales, donations, barter, and long-term supply and dollar credit sales) and AID programs. Until the early 60s, the Dept. of State was responsible for conducting U.S. trade & investment diplomacy along with administering the President?s trade agreement programs. In the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, Congress enacted the President to appoint a Special Representative for Trade Negotiations for the U.S. The Act allowed the Special Trade Representative to serve as hair of the new interagency trade organization established to make recommendations to the President on trade programs. This was to achieve a better balance between competing domestic & international interests in the U.S. trade policy. In 1963, President Kennedy created the Office of the Special Trade Representative in the Executive Office of the President and designated two new deputies; one in Washington, D.C. and the other in Geneva, Switzerland. Through the mid 60’s the STR had the chief responsibility for U.S. participation in the Kennedy Round of multilateral trade negotiations held under the sponsorship of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. https://ustr.gov/about-us/history

In open economy, countries have the freedom to sell goods and products across the world. The US has been on the open economy for decades. The open economy has open many business opportunities for the country.

The open market economy policy has several advantages, for example,

It drives growth since people can sell their goods and services at low prices. It is the main reason J.F. Kennedy created the office of trade representatives to ensure fair business activities across the region.
The open market motivates competition locally, which improves the quality of the products in the country.
In an open market, it is easier to import at lower prices and export at high prices.
The ability to do business at ease creates more jobs in the country.

The disadvantages of the open economy include;

Risk exposure, the country cannot avoid situations like fluctuation of prices and economic turmoil from other countries.
There is import dependence whereby more countries rely on others for production.
Large cashflows during trading lead to indebtedness in which some countries are unable to settle them.

Asset 57

We all know that the declining manufacturing sector in and around Binghamton has contributed to the City’s high rates of unemployment and poverty compared to the New York state-wide averages. But from a global perspective, what does it mean to be “poor” in a place like Binghamton as compared to, say, a country like Nepal. Second, assume you are running for Mayor of Binghamton. Propose a poverty alleviation policy for the City. Try to be persuasive and provide rationale for your policy outline. What alternatives to your policy do you think your opponents are likely to propose? What do you think is going to be their criticism/s of your poverty alleviation plan for Binghamton?

Poverty alleviation policies are programs set to make sure the most vulnerable parts of the country boost their business policies to reduce poverty. These strategies are essential since they lift the overall economic status of the country. Poverty is the inability of a state to acquire specific minimums.

Countries can be described to be poor if they cannot meet the most basic needs of its citizens. In this case, the economy is porous, and therefore, it cannot hold the struggles the nation has to pass to survive. For instance, Nepal has succumbed to poor political hauls, which deteriorated the entire economy for ages. Binghamton is a city within the first world country with resources, and it only needs few approaches to lift the poverty line for its residents. As a mayor of Binghamton, I would propose creating microfinance policies that would provide credit to young businesses. It is also important to instill development programs in the city, which will increase employment opportunities. Consequently, these policies will come with a lot of opposition. Most will criticize it in terms of inflation. It will be claimed a lot of money supply will cause inflation, which is unhealthy for the economy.

asset 58

Write an International Investment Report. Your company wants you to research a possible investment in a foreign country. Please pick a company and a country for investment. You must evaluate the industry and country of investment to determine if the current circumstances in the specified country can support a business of your choice. Country evaluation should focus on economic, financial and political risk of the country. Industry structure analysis would look at the regulatory structure as well as the competition in the target country. The final recommendation would be whether or not to enter the specific country in the designated sector and what should be your entry strategy. The goal of the project is to analyze the prospects for expanding your company into the foreign country. Main Elements To gain the full support of management, your report should include, as a minimum, the following content: 1. Introduction: Describe the basics of the proposal. Identify: Country basics Company basics Purpose of expansion and project specifications 2. Country Evaluation: Describe the country of investment. Include the following: Economic structure, indicators and risk Financial structure, indicators and risk Political structure and risk Recent history which impacts current conditions and risks Geography, natural resources and existing industries that impacts current conditions and risks Overall risk indicators 3. Industry Evaluation: Describe the industry in the country. Include the following: Regulatory structure Competition – Major and minor competitors Local financing options for the expansion Overall attractiveness of the industry 4. Recommendation Summarize your findings and recommendation for future plans. Include a plan to visit the country. Identify travel objectives, key persons with which to meet, activities to experience (related to your industry), travel plans and cost estimate.

Pepsi wants to expand its business in Turkey. Due to the high population and ready market for soft drinks, Pepsi will have an excellent opportunity to sell its products. The economy of Turkey is strong, and there is no political impact, which makes it favorable to set the company.

The company’s expansion will increase the returns, and it will be recognized in the global market. If the company has a positive response in the oversea markets, then it has a high potential of winning the overall market. The country’s GDP has been relatively increasing as an indication of the health business environment. There other soft drink companies in the country although they have not established themselves so strongly hence less competition from the local products. Government regulations do not offer incentives and subsidies, which might pose a threat to a new company in terms of competition. It is a highly recommendable environment for the Pepsi company. The travel objectives are to find the best sites to fix the office and meet the authorities to find the relevant legal procedures.

Asset 59

May anybody help me with this four-part question! thanks appreciate it! 1. US manufacturers have charged a number of Asian firms with dumping computer add-on equipment in the US market. Upon further investigation, it is established that the equipment is indeed being sold in the US market at a price lower than that charged in the foreign manufacturers’ own market. a) Is this dumping necessarily intended to inflict harm on the US? b) Does this dumping necessarily harm the United States? 2. US manufacturers of computer hardware have charged a number of Asian firms with dumping computer add-on equipment in the US market. The US manufacturers present convincing evidence that the price of Asian equipment is lower than the price of equivalent US produced equipment. Would you construe this as dumping? 3. Explain why the textile and auto industries in the US have a history of high protection? 4. Why have nontariff barriers increased in importance relative to tariffs since WWII?

Dumping is the spontaneous process of exporting goods at lower prices compared to home prices. Dumping can have both positive and negative effects depending on the dimension you viewing it at.

Dumping is affecting the local markets in the country since the competition is so high due to the cheap equipment in the market. In this case, the US market will be significantly affected.
The fluctuation of prices due to cheap products will harm the manufacturers, which will affect the overall economy.

2)this is sporadic dumping, and from the accusation by the US manufacturers, it is evident that the computer products from the Asian countries are sold in the country at lower prices compared to the home country. Therefore, it will be taken as dumping.

3) both textile and automotive industries have been shielded from foreign competition to expand them and ensure the balance of trade is achieved.

4) since world war 11 nontariff barriers have not been embraced because the government sees them as restrictions to get business opportunities across the globe.

Asset 60

CASE: BUYING A CALCULATOR: As a student you are on a very limited personal budget, but your research group has a very large budget for supplies. Next semester you will be taking a course in which a calculator with graphics capabilities will be required. These calculators are quite expensive, and it will be difficult for you to find that much extra money in your budget. While discussing your problem over lunch, a fellow student suggests that you charge the calculator to your advisor’s research grant: “Dr. Morgan will never notice such a small amount of money. We spend that much on solvents every week in this group. Besides, you probably will also use it in your research will from time to time.” Answer each in a paragraph: 1. What are the ethical issues raised in this case? 2. Who will be affected by your decision? 3. What moral principles should you use to decide on a proper course of action? 4. what course of action is best?and how do you decide which is best?

Ethics are guidelines or principles that are set to guide someone’s conduct and decision making. They are set to comprehend the behavior of an individual on a particular occasion. These codes of ethics differ depending on the area of application.

Some of the ethical issues raised are; lack of honesty and integrity. The fellow students are not honest to DR. Morgan. It is important to involve their advisor before using any penny on the research. There is a conflict of interest from other students since they do understand the importance of transparency, especially in research.
If this decision on charging extra grants on Dr. Morgan, everyone will be affected by this decision. To me, I will be haunted with dishonest, and if Dr. Morgan realizes it can lead to cancellation on the whole project.
Autonomy is a moral principle that allows every individual to make his/her decisions and act on your values. Another essential principle is beneficence, which embarks on protecting other people’s interests. Another fundamental principle is fidelity, in which it is essential to be faithful and loyal on every occasion of life.
Fidelity is the top principle to guide any course of action. Without loyalty and faithfulness, it will hard to make informed decisions.

Golden Rule Level

Answer to the question:

When capital or labor ratio and savings rate are adjusted to the golden rule level, consumption level increases. An increase in consumption favours an economy’s GDP as both capital and labor are resources utilized in the automation of a production process hence, raising income and consumption. In like manner, adjustment of the saving rate to golden rule level would be the best decision since the act will maximize the steady growth of consumption and replenish the capital stock when depreciated. When varying production resources and savings, adjusting to the golden rule level may not always work since, increasing use depends on other factors such as production planning and control. Realigning an entire production line could be as well necessary to facilitate consumption and maximize profitability through, for instance, cost-saving and quality management.

Lloyds Banking Group

Lloyds banking group is among the earliest financial corporations based in Gresham street of London, pioneered by Lloyds TSB in the year 1695. The banking group’s activities are organized into retail banking, financial activities, insurance, and investment banking since the company operates globally. In the 2019, the company’s gross revenue was 42.356 billion euros of which the operating income was 4.393 billion euros.

Answer to the question:

Focusing on Lloyd’s banking group transaction cost analysis, the company’s strategy with regards to reviving neoliberalism has been met. To illustrate, the use of all LINK machines provides on-screen information warning on transactional charges before completing a transaction. Additionally, the company charges a fee on each item individually purchased. Moreover, a debit fee is chargeable for the total sum of the bulk payments batch which is much inexpensive than charging on individual items. All the above measures that contemporarily involve lowering trade tariffs and regulating price controls, are strategies that aim at enhancing neoliberalism. Other motivating incentives for the company include a mere annual 10% for all money lent and a total waiver on all electronic transactions. The neo-liberal economic policies especially the 0.1 interest on all loans aims at attracting attention from the international communities to partner with the company’s financial activities. Lloyd top management officials have ethically exploited their employees’ potential to secure the business flourishing position thus, utilizing the principal-agent theory. The company’s governing heads monitor their agents’ culture, values, and standards and appropriately channel the diverse capabilities of the employees to the most effective areas depending on the existing financial loops. The administration and managerial staff have also teamed up to initiate a remuneration scheme for the employees. The action considerably motivates the employees to offer more of their ability to the company. Both moves are strategies Lloyd banking group has devised with the principal goal of imbuing a spirit of corporate social responsibility among its agents. Consequently, the employee staff positively influence socio-economics such as invoking customers’ purchase and preference to the company. Question 3: In a world where the public holds no currency but where banks keep fractional reserves against deposit liabilities, explain how an injection of a new base, say from The Fed’s purchase of securities –leads to new M1 which is a multiple of the new base. Tell a story to illustrate this process what if the public holds currency: How does the money creation process work, and how is the money multiplier determined?

Currency

Answer to the question:

Corporations

Answer to the question:

Suppose that an oracle offers to solve the Diffie-Hellman problem for you. Explain how you can use the oracle to decrypt messages that have been encrypted using the ElGamal public-key cryptosystem.

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