A study on unsafe injection practice on children.

The qualitative phenomenal design will be suitable to examine the skilled professional health care cost-effective in preventing unsafe injection practices among immunized children. Methods such as participant observations, interviews either by phone or face-face also focus groups are involved in qualitative research design. This design focuses on a particular group thus suitable for the project as it focuses on the children. Qualitative research is important in developing nursing knowledge for evidence-based nursing practices making it a better method for this research.

Medical safety has been threatening in the medical field as the majority of immunized children in hospitals die due to unsafe injection practices. (Smith,2017) Children require quality essential services. As per the research qualitative analysis will focus on immunized children and analyzing in-depth the unsafe injection practices. The major reason for carrying out qualitative research is mainly getting the information on a particular issue, topic, and meaning based on first-hand information. (Rutberg,2018) A relatively small but focused sample is required to minimize on time consumed in data collection to achieve a depth of findings as opposed to the number of findings in quantitative analysis. That is the reason why the project mostly deals with children.

Phenomenology is a type of qualitative research design on the common ship of lived experience between groups of people but not generating theories for the phenomenon being studied. Arriving at the description of the nature of a particular phenomenon describes its fundamental goal. Individuals having first-hand information on the event or situation helped in data collection. A phenomenal research design entails describing an event or situation that exists as part of the world. (Brannen,2017) Other forms of data such as documents, observation, and arts are also used Systematically, phenomenological research can begin whenever there is a gap that needs clarification. According to this research, a phenomenal research design is suitable since unsafe injections practices are part of a hospital setting. Unsafe injections have become threaten among children in hospital and the research is needed to reduce these practices.

The data is phenomenal design is collected through semi-structured and interviews. The analysis involves the identification of the major theme and core in the data, and validation of the finding selected participants.

This project is suitable to use the phenomenology type of qualitative research as it purposes on the in gathering the information from the mothers who usually take their children for immunization. Afterward, carry out observations in the prenatal health facilities.

The sampling strategy applied was nonprobability, purposive method because the technique was that any children who were to be selected for the sample cannot be calculated. Only observation and interview methods were used.

The method relied on the subjective judgment of the researcher. The judgment was either the skilled professional healthcare prevented unsafe injection in children or not. The type of non-probability sample used was a purposive method because the sample was chosen according to the knowledge about the study population. (Chandler,2019) The participants were chosen for a purpose. Children were the target because they are usually immunized for highly risk infectious diseases such as polio and measles.

Sampling criteria characterize a sample population to be part of the study; it can be either inclusion or exclusion

Sampling criteria for the study were exclusion criteria because the study ruled out some participants in the study only the children were being studied and the adults exclude. The use of exclusive criteria was convenient because the mothers to the children did not answer research questions. The observation method skilled professions carried out injection in the wards helped in collecting the data. The criteria for choosing the participants based on factors such as types of immunization the child was given. The study criteria ensured the precision of the study and reproducible of the study results.

The data collection method was qualitative because the data was nonnumerical, the data was obtained through observation. The data were categorized according to sex, qualitative data usually arranges the data based on the attributes and properties. This data is usually investigative development of the hypothesis. The hypothesis for this study is skilled professions prevent unsafe injection practices. This method is important because it provided a large data set.

The first stage is familiarizing with the data set. If the data set is audio it is important to perform transcription to work, in this phase one starts making notes that describe the content, the second phase is generating codes by assigning it on the data. The code represents a brief description that was said during the interview. This is a description but not interpretation. The data is organized into a meaningful group. During the familiarization phase, initial coding takes place. there is a specific software for coding. Taking notes on a printed transcript is another way of coding.

The third stage is searching for the themes this is where one sort t codes into the theme. The theme is a broader and active interpretation of codes and date codes and third associated extracts are allocated into a broader theme. In the fourth step, reviewing themes involves the previously created themes comparison against the data set. Themes should be a useful and accurate representation of the data. (Braun,2019) Encountering problems with themes that can lead to any type of formatting to make them more useful and accurate.in the fifth step, defining and naming themes, entails the final list of themes. Defining themes describes formulating the meaning of each theme and understanding how it helps in data analysis. The naming of themes involves giving distinct names. The final step is producing the report, witting up, entails the submission of written data. The write up entails four sections and these are the introduction, methodology, results, and finally a conclusion. Usually, when one writes up, results should give enough information about the project to evaluate the quality of the report. Reference should be included to ensure the validity of the report and future retrieval of data.

Thus, the thematic analysis is the most appropriate for this project.

Braun, V., Clarke, V., Hayfield, N., & Terry, G. (2019). Thematic analysis. Handbook of research methods in health social sciences, 843-860.

Chandler, J., Rosenzweig, C., Moss, A. J., Robinson, J., & Litman, L. (2019). Online panels in social science research: Expanding sampling methods beyond Mechanical Turk. Behavior research methods, 51(5), 2022-203

Smith, J. A. (2017). Interpretative phenomenological analysis: Getting at the lived experience. The Journal of Positive Psychology.

Rutberg, S., & Bouikidis, C. D. (2018). Focusing on the fundamentals: A simplistic differentiation between qualitative and quantitative research. Nephrology Nursing Journal, 45(2), 209-213.

Brannen, J. (2017). Combining qualitative and quantitative approaches: an overview. In Mixing methods: Qualitative and quantitative research (pp. 3-37). Routledge.