World History From 1500-1914
The French revolution
The French revolution was the most violent merchants and of all the riots; it is also one of the most significant revolutions. The revolution began in 1789 and ended in late 1790 with the advancement of napoleon Bonaparte. During this period, the French citizens redesigned their country’s political view and abolished the old organizations like the medieval sytemy. The primary cause of the revolution was because of the social composition of the west. The feudal regime was already weak and had already been lost in some parts of Europe due to the increase of elite individuals like manufacturers and merchants trying to obtain power in those countries. Most of the peasants who owned the land had raised their standards of living and their level of education; thus, they wanted to abolish the medieval system so that they could get the entire rights of the land ownerships and have freedom.
Further, in 1730, the death rates had reduced substantially because of the better living standards. Consequently, this led to a rise in Europe’s population, which doubled between the years 1715 and 1800. France was the most populated country with around 26million people. The significant population required large amounts of food and consumer goods. Identically, the wasteful spending by King Louis xvi had left the nation bankrupt towards the beginning of the 18th century. There were years of low harvests as well as various cattle diseases and the hiking prices of bread. The regime also imposed heavy taxes but did not provide any relief in return. However, after the fall of Louis XVI as proposal reform was suggested by Charles Aleixandre de Calonne, which entailed a universal, and tax that would not exempt the wealthy people. The first written constitution was established in September 1791and a constitutional monarchy was developed whereby the king was able to appoint minister, which was not accepted by other influential radicals like Camille Desmoulin and Georges Danton, who wanted a republican form of government. In April 1792, the legislative assembly that was appointed declared war on Australia and Prussia and planned to spread Europe’s revolutionary ideals through warfare. After the condemnation to death of king Louis XVI, his wife also suffered the same fate nine months later.
Consequently, this led to war with various European powers and intense divisions within the national convention, which brought the French revolution into a violent phase. Further, in June 1973, the Jacobins got control od the national assembly and specific outlaw measures, which entitled the establishment of a new calendar and eradication of Christianity. Apart from that, a ten month period of terror flowed in which the enemies of the revolution were killed. Towards the end of the 17th century, the national convention, a new constitution was approved.. The directors in power relied on the army to sustain their power. In November 1799, due to the frustration with their leadership, the directory was abolished, and Bonaparte appointed himself as the first consul. Arguably, this marked the beginning of the Napoleonic era and the end of the French Revolution. This was the start of France coming to dominate most of continental Europe.
The French revolution was significant and enduring because although it was not able to achieve all its goals, and sometimes led to chaotic bloodshed, it reformed the contemporary countries by showing the world the power inherent in the will of the people. The French revolution also put an end to the final vestige of medieval in both western and central Europe. It also spread enlightenment ideas across Europe and led to the rise of nationalism. Significantly, it led to the overthrow of a parasitic elite, which was replaced by a government that represented the entire population, both wealthy or not. As a result, the elites would not have any control over the nation’s wealth without having to respond to it. This is one of the most defining events in the world because it showed that the government should work for people. The revolution threatened other monarchs in Europe and encouraged people worldwide to stand for their rights. Correspondingly, after the French revolution, the idea of the nation-state was born, which led to a lot of small countries.
The Industrial Revolution in 1765
The start of industrialization in the United States is considered the beginning of the textile industry in the Island of Rhode and Pawtucket in 1793. There were textile mills that were opened by Richard Arkwright, who invented the water flame, although there was a law that was made to prohibit the textile workers from immigration. However, Richard Arkwright introduced some designs in the industry and later be went ahead to build some other cotton mills in New England, which made him became the father of the American Industrial Revolution. During that time, when this industrialization was underway, the United States invented a cotton gin, which revolutionized the nation’s textile industry. Initially, these innovations were borrowed from Britain, and Eli Whitney led the event in that year. By the end of the 19th century, a second Industrial Revolution came when the United States transformed from a large –scale rural society and extended the industry to the urban area in a very increasing manner, therefore, becoming the world’s leading industrial nation. However, there are both categorical and contradictions about the Industrial Revolution, which are sometimes hard to understand. Importantly there are aspects of working conditions that are not safe for humans and pollution brought by coal and gas, which has been a problem for a long time.
This event is so important that the movement to the cities and the inventions for clothing has created the availability of reliable transport and communication. The Industrial Revolution also transformed the economy, social and cultural impact and again laid the foundation for today’s society despite the questions about it. Another important event is that cash crops like sugar cane, tobacco, and cotton make America’s southern states the world’s most economical engine. Notably, the slave made it enjoyable to America and contributed their prosperity to the extent that the southern part of it produced 75% of countries in the world. Mainly cotton made many people rich, which was a significant reason for them to invest in the business. Importantly, slaves represented Southern farmers became the most important investments, and the planters had bulk wealth. Building a corporation from the wilderness, took the management a lot of time and labor, similarly, in the 1600s. The American colonies were agricultural economies and so they pledged servitude. Therefore, most employees who were financially unstable and with no jobs from Europe traveled to North America to start a new life there. The weak and helpless people worked there in exchange for food and shelter and education; also, the British economy improved by the year 1680, and many jobs were created in Britain. Seven hundred thousand slaves lived in the United worth $ 200 million according to the current dollars. Eli Whitney invented some machines to combed cotton.
The machines increased the processing capacity acceleration demand whereby a lot of pieces of cotton was underwent processing and exported in large amounts, especially to Great Britain and also to England. The invention of the cotton gin was a development that created a global trade (Pruitt, 2018). The benefit of slaves who produced cotton developed its roots to industries from South to North and also to Great Britain, whereby in New Yolk and London, Banks provided to the plantations to buy lands and slaves.
The East India Company Became the World’s Most Powerful Business
From 1600 to 1874, the East Indian Company was a mighty profit maker enterprise that ruled almost all over the Indian subcontinent. In that time, the company was the most powerful in the world, known for its mighty army and territory. Coming to the end of the 17th century, the company was known as East Indies and also it was known as the home of luxury goods, fabrics as well as spices. Nevertheless, the British paved their way intending to defeat Spanish Armada and also for the monarchy to become the naval power. Similarly, a group of English businessmen approached Queen Elizabeth in the royal charter for them to be allowed to voyage to the East Indies. Typically this was in the exchange of monopoly on trade whereby they invested around 70,000 pounds in proceeding in the East India Company, which was when the East Indies Company was created. Funder mentally, the connection was relying on a factory system which left the representatives behind and set up trading posts, therefore, going them in the side of negotiating for goods. The corporation was so crucial that the first factory in Surat was established today in Western India. The corporation also made the company to expand and started producing pepper, calico as well as silk fabric and later tea. Eventually, they extended their root to China and also to Asia (Blakenmore, 2019). The East Company’s royal charter provided an opportunity for wage war where it used the military to protect itself by fighting the rivals. The Company also provided job opportunities for many men and women and exported goods to England then built a victory by driving French and Dutch out from Indian Subcontinent.
The Reformation and Wars of Religion
At the start of 1520, the international relationship between the following European countries was faced by disputes whereby there were wars between Muslims and Christians. Primarily, the religions from Northwestern raised the fights, which brought about the reformation. Significantly, there was also a division of the Catholic and the Protestants, which was brought by a conflict between them, which created the most bitter and long-lasting war up to date. Basically, in Switzerland, the reformation in the protestant cantons was brought by armies who were so strong and the military power was used to strengthen the Protestantism. Protestantism, however, sliced the Swiss confederation where during 1529, the Zwinglian and the Catholic fought a severe war to the extent that the leader of the reformation aspect was killed. In Germany, Martin Luther princes created a defense force that was made to spread Lutheranism through power in the north of Germany. In 1546, there was also a war of the emperor and the league where the emperor won the battle with the hope of ending the religious difference in the empire. Hostility continued in Germany until 1552 because Lutheranism was strong and entranced victory and created a decisive difference. Initially, the key reason for the reformation was calling for purification of the church, together with the belief that the Bible should be the only one the source of spiritual authority and not a novel. (Trim, 2010).
Notably, the religious revolution took place in the western church in the 16th century, and the most exceptional leaders were Martin Luther and John Calvin. Reformations are the foundation of Protestantism, which is one of the significant groups of Christianity. The medieval Roman Catholic Church form, which the 16th-century reformers came from, was a complicated one. Arguably, over the years, the church had been involved immensely in western Europe’s political life. The spiritual force of the church was lost due to the political manipulations, which were combined with an increase in power and wealth in churches. As a result, many reformers address the various aspects of the church. Still, Luther martin came with ninety-five theses in Germany according to him, what made him different from the rest of the reformers was that apart from attacking corruption in the life of the churches would get t the root of the problem. In those theses, he asserted that the pope did not have any authority over purgatory, and he claimed that the doctrine of the merits of the saints did not have any foundations in the gospel. Later in 1952, Luther was excommunicated, and although this had begun as an internal reform movement, it became a fracture in western Christendom.
The reformation became so crucial to religion despite the consequences because many changes occurred, which are long-lasting. Mainly, new religious and political liberation came whereby their positive outcomes can be seen, and culture flourished on all sides. The reformation is also essential because there was an increase in missionaries throughout the world. Even the renaissance was able to gain their recoveries and beliefs without any fear of being prosecuted. There was also freedom of thought.
The American Revolutions.
It was during the 1760s when Benjamin Rush from Philadelphia decided to pay a visit to the parliament. In the 18th century, colonists built essential ties between the British monarchy and the British constitution. However, Rush had never been a proud native of British because the British colonist declared their independence and also broke away from the British Empire. Primarily, the British did not make it to define the colonies’ relationship with the empire because they were at war with Spanish Succession in that century for about seven years, so the war consumed their economy. The war also created division among the officials. There wanted to cut debts and so they raised taxes and cut the expenditure on the colonies. They posed arguments that the colonies should be equal to the native country. Identically they wanted to reform the administration, but the coherent reform was prevented by a debate between the two sides of administration.
Nonetheless, colonies understood how they could fit themselves in the empire and remained the British subjects. During that time, the colonies again developed their political institutions. They created a colonial assembly whereby the assemblies reformed many duties to mostly tax the residents, pay the officials, and manage the revenue. In the 1740s, there was a difference between two bodies whereby there was the Enlightenment of the Great Awakening, combining in the colonies to give challenge the authority.
The Revolution’s importance was that institutions were built, and many ideas and languages were immerged, which defines America’s image. Moreover, some revolutionaries gave grounds for a new nation with entirely new plans that would change the history and transformed the world (Sarah, 2009). The Revolution, however, was unpredictable but tied together with the differing colonies under the reign of the new government. The Revolution secured independence from Britain, which created a political eagerness and protected the public and encouraged people to self-interest, releasing many forces that gave shape to the Revolution itself.
The enlightenment period
The views in politcs ,philisohpy and science were fundamentally chnged towards the 18th era by different individuals. The enlightenment thinkers in Britain , France, and other European countries examined the typical legislation and accepted the thought that mankind could be enhanced through reasonable change. There was the production of books, essay inventions, and enlightenment ideals directly inspired scientific discoveries and laws which came with the enlightenment.explicitly, the french and the American revolutions gave way to the 19th-century romanticism.
Its foundation ate started to England in 2680, whereby Isaac Newton published his “Principia Mathematica” in 1686, and john Locke published his essay concerning human understanding in 1689. John lock is recognized as a captivating person in the history of political philosophy and his intelligence has a great impact on the development of political thoughts. He is also known as the father of liberalism as he is one of the most persuasive intellectuals. Relatively, Locke has influenced political theorizing in two different countries in two continents that are apart. Explicitly, Locke had a great influence on political philosophy, especially on modern liberalism. The arguments made by Locke made an impact on the written works of Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson and other founding fathers of the United States. According to Locke, the man initially exists in a state of nature; hence, he only needs to answer to the laws of nature. these two worlds gave a scientific,mathematical and philosophical instrument for the significant developments in eduction proceedings. According to Locke,human nature was mutable and that the knowledge obtained through piled experiences instead of accessing some sort of outside truth. The calculus by Newton and optical theories gave powerful enlightenment metaphors for concise measured change and illumination.the various enlightenment thinkers had different approaches.
However, The Enlightenment is known to have political revolts and plans. The Enlightenment thinkers showed that they have strength which impacted to the developing wave of social disrupt in France in during the eighteenth century. Initially the Enlightenment thinkers, they wanted to show that the Enlightenment aspect is not just a historical period but a process of social development. The Enlightenment wanted to demonstrate the act of being confident in human intellectual powers and show them how to be knowledgeable in nature. Also to work as a trustworthy attendant in their daily life. Notably, the philosophy also wants to stand in with the religion and guide the people in their thoughts and actions. Mainly, the faith brought by the Enlightenment is process whereby one becomes self-reliance in terms of his thought and action through arousing his intellectual powers which leads to a better and more fulfilled human existence. Identically, Locke and Descartes used a method of examining people’s knowledge of and how the expressed their ideas.
The Enlightenments importance is that it paved many ways to the 19th century Romanticism practices. Importantly, it provided bridge for Scientist also was used as a philosophical toolkit for the Enlightenment and contributed to a major progress. Through the Enlightenment, Locke declares that human nature became variable and people gained a lot of knowledge and accumulated a lot of experience then precisely accessed some of the outside truth (Cohen, 2009). Enlightenment also, made a religious innovation whereby Christians repositioned their faith and then the universe gained determination of its course. Through the knowledge of the Enlightenment, a human can make unlimited progress over time. Enlightenment also inspired people to their success and enhanced human understanding of many aspects through Science and philosophy. Enlightenment also issued freedom for new modes of fellowship, for literary salons, for newspapers and also emerged as a venue for plays and giving ideas.
Bibliography
Blakenmore, B. (2019). How The East Indian Company Became the World Most Powerful Business. Virginia: National Geographic.
Pruitt, S. (2018). How Slavery Became the Economic Engine of the South. London: Bettman Archives/ Getty Images.
Sarah, K. (2009). Sensibility and the American Revolution. North Carolina: North Carolina Press.
Trim, D. J. (2010). The Reformation and Wars of Religion. New Yolk: Liberty.