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Human lineage-specific sequences

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Human lineage-specific sequences

Introduction

A genomic data of human lineage-specific sequences (HLS) shows a keen interest in investigating the functional effects of non-human primates called the apes. The transgenic apes are the non-human evolutionary primates that fully express the HLS sequence because they are represented in the homo sapiens and therefore have harm from this transgenic research. The disadvantages justify regulatory barriers between the apes and all human primates, according to the transgenic study. The existence of the HLS sequence on the chimpanzee genome in the year 2005 confirmed what Charles Darwin and Huxley posited that humans shared a common thing with the great African apes. However, the primate comparative genomics gives insights into what makes homo sapiens members different from their evolutionary through the genetic factors. This includes the skin phonotypes, behavior and anatomy of the primate, the immune and reproduction system, cognition, language, and other modes of physiology. The most recommendable strategy to investigate the human-specific sequences is in transgenic non-human primates. In the transgenic research, the species chosen should have the same genetic factors as homo sapiens. This is to express the functions in humans through the HLS sequence. Through the genetic studies of apes and their origin, humans have become attractive to the transgenic studies of the human lineage sequence. The scientific insights held by this approach are to be outweighed by the ethical concern basing the origin of the human-like apes. Therefore, apes are considered to produce human-like phenotypes on the harm from the transgenic research.

Human lineage sequence

In this, there is a sequence draft genome of the rhesus macaque and the chimpanzee. The draft genome sequences have provided the lineage of specific genomic changes among non-human primates and humans. The genomic evolutionary changes have not covered a wide range of human lineage sequences. This is because of genes affected, including those that have changed at a series, specifically humans, those that show a copy number of HLS maximizing or minimizing and those that alter brain expression of chimpanzees and people. These genomic changes will help to enhance the interest of using transgenic animals as the ways of learning the gene function on HLS.

Transgenic research using non-human primates

For unique genes, the transgenic research of using non-human primates could be finished with new techniques either from the exchange of HLS sequence on species or maximizing of HLS sequence on the host genome. Further advances will be needed to learn the consequences of differences in expression by maximizing numbers copied or even modifying regions that are regulatory of the gene remains. These are technically a problem thus challenging

The transgenic way of research on the HLS sequence is that it gives information ion on the scientific questions of what makes the members homo sapiens not the same as the nearest evolutionary cousins. It has also produced clinical benefits on that the HLS gene variants have been implicated with human diseases. This is evident that the evolutionary mechanisms that have genomic changes in human lineage give human condition as a byproduct. This is possible for the variants that impact the human phenotype to produce scientific insights into disorders and another relevant phenotype hard to study. This should also include neurodegenerative disorders, cognitive diseases, social behavior disorders, and even speech articulation systems. It is appropriate to look at the ethical points or issues related to non-human primates transgenic research. Currently. The use of this research involving all the non-human primates could be approved by some countries. Most investigations on apes are banned in some countries such as Sweden, the UK, New Zealand, and some other countries. However, monkeys used for research in the UK, the regulations need a license on human researcher or project as well as the additional oversights. The animal guidelines share commitments as the three Rs, namely reduction, refinement, and replacements.

Ethical concerns or issues of using transgenic non-human primates for learning what makes us human

Ethical issues

Ethical questions or points or concerns is where a moral conflict grows and should be addressed. In our case, we should discuss the ethical issues that have emerged due to the transgenic research on apes. Common lineage sequence gene transfer could have a specific impact that has less or more effect on a phenotype which is relevant to the social function. Most genes appear to have multiple tasks that are unrelated to humans. This transfer can seem to have a wide range of unexpected impacts. An example of this is the nature of most genes will make an effect of a transgenic intervention hard to interpret until offsprings are produced. The uncertainty maximizes the danger of having an unpredictable impact on transgenic non-human primates. Moreover, when the transfer of the HLS gene finishes its intended aim of delivering change in the NHP phenotype, this increases another set of ethical issues.

Ethical obligations on non-human primates in transgenic research

There is a growing literature on the ethical concerns in the making and the research on transgenic animals. Some scientists try to join the unique issues of transgenic findings in terms of crossing species boundaries. In contrast, others turn to animal integrity to focus on the effects of transgenic manipulations on the animal themselves. This approach can be sharpened by basing on the physical challenges of any transgenic apes that express humanized phenotypes would tend to face (LU, 2009).

Application of the ethical issues on transgenic research

In transgenic research, there are some ethical issues applied in apes compared to human beings. These are some capabilities transgenic apes can do which are familiar with those of humans. They both share some traditional skills in common. In the case of apes, they share many capacities with humans, such as the capacity for communication, revenge, social maintenance, empathy and attachment, social rules, giving, and trading. On this, a Chinese scientist concluded that apes are so close to humans. Such capabilities from apes could lead to harm to these animals. If these human expressions of human lineage sequence only catered to destroy the characteristics that the apes share with humans, then the apes are harmed. This conclusion supports more significant regulatory barriers against any HLS sequence research on apes in terms of reviews and safeguards.

Evaluation of ethical points

The ethical points are being evaluated in the case of great transgenic apes and monkeys. The monkeys are being assessed by the occurrence of scientists who practiced them with several practicals in the lab compare it with humans. This human intelligence on monkeys’ brains and apes is the evolutionary aspect of examining the human-like phonotypes with those of the non-human primates discussed in this report.

Explanation of ethical issues on transgenic research

There is an evolutionary spectrum between the great apes and the monkeys. On the Chinese scientists, they experimented with the microcephalin gene to a monkey by exposing the monkey embryos to a virus that carried the human version of microcephalin. They generated eleven monkeys on experiments on the battery of brain measurements, and about five of them survived (Pfaff, 2018). Each of them was holding nine copies of human brain genes. The evolutionary ways between the monkeys and people are excellent enough to show that a simple human lineage sequence insertion in a monkey genome will give a human-like phenotype or that the phenotypes would be challenging for the monkeys than those of apes. Because of the distance in evolution between monkeys and humans compared to apes and humans, more genetic changes would be needed in a monkey to elicit a human-like phonotype than needed for apes if they were used as the host species. This is because apes are quickly humanized, and their traits are human-like phenotypes; thus, they are more likely to use apes as HLS host species. However, the apes would be a more severe danger of exploitation. More cognitive and social capabilities primates possess the weightier humans obligations to become. For purposes in regulations, the line between the monkeys and the great apes is clean. This minimized danger of harm on human-like phenotypes states that the transgenic human lineage sequence findings with monkeys may not always be objected ethically. However, it could be managed on a case basis by an organizational use of committees together with animal care.

Conclusion

Basing on the evolutionary proximity of genetic factors, the transgenic apes have the highest potential on the human lineage sequence because they are expressed in homo sapiens and also experience harm from transgenic research. This is because humanized apes would be likely to exhibit some traits that are most human-like, engaging them at more severe danger of exploitation. The ethical issues or concerns brought by scientific generations and the use of transgenic apes as hosts to learn on the human lineage sequence consider this research unacceptable, giving barriers that are regulated between the apes and monkeys. In recommendation on the case of monkeys, the use of them in the case by chance basis should be examined by animal review boards with excellent ways paid on the concerns of the three Rs in the primate search. For the ethical principles of these three Rs, they hold relevance to non-human primates on scientific research. Human lineage research also has ethical questions about how transgenic research might be used, and the harms on non-human primates are avoided. We can also see the human intelligence experimented by the Chinese scientists on the case of putting human brain genes in monkeys. Transgenic research on non-human primates poses a lot of ethical issues for learning what makes us humans. The ethical questions should have further analysis done.

 

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