Hypertension diseases and the associated risk factors
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Examples of modifiable and non-modifiable features of hypertension
Modifiable features are the risk factors that can cause hypertension, but individuals can take measures to change them. Modifiable factors include excessive alcohol consumptions by individuals, excessive use of salt in daily dietary, a minimum intake of potassium in the daily diet, diabetes condition, cigarette smoking, poor socioeconomic status, and psychological stressors. Individuals can change these features to reduce the risks of the elements in causing hypertension disease.
On the other hand, non-modifiable factors are those that cannot be changed by an individual. It includes the genetic inheritance from the history of the family having hypertension cases, age factor of individuals above the age of 65 years because their immunity is low, the existence of other diseases that lower the immunity system of the individual such as kidney failure and diabetes (Boles, Kandimalla, & Reddy, 2017).
Hypertension incidence in Australia
The prevalence of hypertension disease in Australia is higher in individuals of older age as compared to those in the youthful stage. Those at an earlier age have a lower immunity leading to a high mortality rate of individuals above 65 and younger individuals. (Lenzen et al., 2017). Most of the young people within the society with hypertension conditions are unaware of their situation leading to a higher premature mortality rate. According to the 2017 national statistics survey, over 96% of people aged between 18-34 years old had hypertension conditions, and they were not aware of the situation as compared to only 56% of individuals above the age of 75 years who were not aware of their hypertension condition. It is difficult for the country to control the known hypertension conditions to reduce the associated risk of cardiovascular complications (Lenzen et al., 2017).
The general hypertension prevalence among the adult is 29%. The prevalence among men is slightly higher than that of women. Men the prevalence is about 35.3%, and for the female, it is about 32.3%. Approximate 6 million Australian adults have hypertension conditions. The number represents approximately 33.7% of the country (Zieleniewicz & Zdrojewski, 2020). The productivity of youths with hypertension conditions is negatively affected because most of them are not aware of their requirements. When they become ill and their health condition deteriorates, they spent most of the time in the hospital hence being absent at work. The disease has caused the economic problem to the country, especially the GDP, because most of the resources are being used to control the condition, and most of the productive individuals are taking most of the time in hospitals under medication.
Hypertension grading system in Australia
Australia uses a systolic 140-159 mm Hg grading system, a meta-analysis of individuals with mild, uncomplicated hypertension conditions. When the terms of the patient move to the next stage and no longer show slight signs, then systolic 160 mm Hg is then used in performing the meta-analysis. When the impact is too high, then diastolic 100 mm Hg is applied. According to the current prevalence of hypertension in Australia, where most of the young generations are unaware of the conditions and the signs and symptoms are mild, the country is focusing on systolic 140-159 mm Hg.
Education plan
| Education topic | Goals of health education | Experts/resources | References |
| They are controlling the impact of the genetic factors causing hypertension disease. | · Create awareness on how to control the hypertension disease itself because the factors cannot be changed due to its genetic nature. · Offering psychological support to enable the patient to understand the situation · We are educating and providing the prescription for the treatment of hypertension disease.
| Genetic counselors, nurses, doctors, psychological counselors, and medical specialist in the field of hypertension | · Cowley, A. W. (2006). The genetic dissection of essential hypertension. Nature Reviews Genetics, 7(11), 829-840. · Dutke, S., Bakker, H., Sokolová, L., Stuchlikova, I., Salvatore, S., & Papageorgi, I. (2019). Psychology curricula for non-psychologists? A framework recommended by the European Federation of Psychologists’ Associations’ Board of Educational Affairs. Psychology Learning & Teaching, 18(2), 111-120. |
| Ways of ensuring successful eating habit that does not accelerate hypertension conditions. | · To enable the patient to succeed in changing the eating habit. · To minimize the impact of hypertension conditions through proper dietary management. · We are improving the immunity system to manage the hypertension condition of the patients. · To boost the immunity of the patient with hypertension condition through proper eating habits and strict adherence to dietary requirements. | Nutritionists, medical doctors, and nurses with multidisciplinary knowledge and guiding and counseling experts with a deep understanding of the hypertension health condition. | · Bernstein, M., & Munoz, N. (2019). Nutrition for the older adult. Jones & Bartlett Learning. |
| Ways of reducing smoking gradually without affecting the health of an individual especially the addicted ones | · Helping the addicted client to stop smoking without affecting the health condition · Boosting the health of the patient with hypertension condition because smoking is a risk factor · Improving immunity system of the body | Nurses, doctors, psychological counselors, and medical specialists in the field of hypertension and behavioral counselors. | · Lindson, N., Aveyard, P., & Hughes, J. R. (2010). Reduction versus abrupt cessation in smokers who want to quit. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (3). |
| Importance of observing doctor’s prescription among hypertension patients | · Ensuring that patients take the treatment dose seriously and take medication regularly as prescribed by the doctor · To create awareness on the risk of taking treatment irregularly, especially among hypertension patients. | Nurses, doctors, psychological counselors, and medical specialist in the field of hypertension, and behavioral counselors | · Iwakiri, Y., & Groszmann, R. J. (2020). Pathophysiology of portal hypertension. The Liver: Biology and Pathobiology, 659-669. |
| Importance of physical exercise in reducing cardiovascular complications | · To provide a basic understanding of the importance of regular exercise in controlling hypertension condition. · Enable the patient to understand the type of exercise recommended for individual with hypertension conditions · Enable the patients to understand the risk of not exercising regularly. | Nurses, doctors, psychological counselors, and medical specialist in the field of hypertension, and behavioral counselors | · Giannini, C., de Giorgis, T., Mohn, A., & Chiarelli, F. (2007). Role of physical exercise in children and adolescents with diabetes mellitus. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, 20(2), 173. |
References
Boles, A., Kandimalla, R., & Reddy, P. H. (2017). Dynamics of diabetes and obesity: an epidemiological perspective. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Basis of Disease, 1863(5), 1026-1036.
Lenzen, M., Geschke, A., Malik, A., Fry, J., Lane, J., Wiedmann, T., … & Cadogan-Cowper, A. (2017). New multi-regional input-output databases for Australia–enabling timely and flexible regional analysis. Economic Systems Research, 29(2), 275-295.
Zieleniewicz, P., & Zdrojewski, T. (2020). Current guidelines and controversies in the diagnosis and therapy of hypertension in the elderly and very elderly—a review of international recommendations. Arterial Hypertension, 24(1), 1-9.