Pharmacokinetic
Psychopharmaceutical Agents
Patients with psychosis or other forms of psychological disorders require competent care to contain or eliminate the complications. The caregiving and treatment processes needed consist of mental pharmacokinetic agents, also known as antipsychotic drugs. In the Psychokinetic’s practice, the antipsychotic drugs administration method is essential since it forms a significant determinant on the absorption of the administered drugs. Therefore, Psychopharmaceutical agents may include Chlorpromazine, Thioridazine, and Haloperidol. The systemic availability of Chlorpromazine and Thioridazine ranges between 25 to percent absorption, respectively, while Haloperidol’s absorption rises to 65 percent (Bensalem & Ternant, 2020). Consequently, the treatment and suppression of psychotic behavior and mental disorders involve a thorough study of individual cases and the prescription of appropriate psychopharmaceuticals.
CYP 1A2 enzyme
The CYP 1A2 enzyme is located within the human genetic composition and consists of introns, exons, and 58,294 Da in molecular weight. Mould & Dubinsky (2015) state that the enzyme’s structural qualities include Heterocyclic Amide, and Amine, Polyaromatic, as well as polyaromatic. The protein acts on drug substances such as Caffeine, Clozapine, Phenacetine, Disulfiram, propranolol, Clomipramine, Theophylline, and Tizanidine (Mould & Dubinsky, 2015). Moreover, Xxxx (xxxx) adds that some of the potent inducers for the enzyme are rifampicin, nelfinavir, ritonavir, omeprazole, sulfinpyrazone, antipyrine, and carbamazepine. The substances can be administered in the form of drugs as well as medicinal vegetables.
The application of Pharmacokinetics has been facilitated by extensive studies on a wide variety of people to ascertain non-invasive and effective medication methods while considering age, gender, feeding habits, and genetic composition. Saito et al. (2017) explain that Pharmacokinetics is applied within two categories of psychotic and mental disorders populations, namely typical and atypical antipsychotics. Generally, the typical antipsychotics work to block dopamine receptors in the body but cause significant neurological damages in the body. On the contrary, atypical antipsychotic drugs have a low affinity for creating neurological side effects. However, they significantly contribute to causing diabetes, obesity, and hyperlipidemia (Saito et al., 2017).
Moreover, research shows that antipsychotics are incredibly effective against an array of psychotic conditions but are also proportionately harmful to the human body. For example, a study conducted by Saito et al. (2017) asserts the administration of antipsychotic drugs reduces the user’s life expectancy by ten years approximately. Blocking the Dopamine receptor prevents psychotic thoughts such as hallucinations and delusions in the brain. However, they also block positive thoughts that characterize an average person’s behaviors, such as walking regularly, remembering, and comprehending surroundings. In the long run, the administration of antipsychotic drugs may foster the development of mental disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, Schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s, or a premature death even after recovery.
CYP 1A2 enzyme is located in the liver and metabolizes Caffeine alongside similar drug substances like Tobacco through processes such as oxidation, hydrolysis, and hydroxylation. CYP 1A2 enzyme is used in treating the Schizophrenia population commonly characterized by a lack of social skills, low social, economic status, hallucinations, dilutions, and persistent use of Tobacco. As a result, the CYP 1A2 enzyme certainly achieves significant positive effects but, sometimes inhibited by the Tobacco substances since the medication is rapidly broken down, thus reducing the positive impact intended. Consequently, the patient may be required to increase the dosage leading to increased adverse effects (Saito et al., 2017). Therefore, the medical industry continues to conduct genetic tests on patients through swabs that predict the possible reaction of the patient to drugs before administration. The medication’s successful application will require the medical provider to understand the patient’s complications as well as the root cause to administer the appropriate treatment and advice on the need to stop tobacco smoking, and alcoholism to allow effective drug metabolism processes in the liver.
References
Bensalem, A., & Ternant, D. (2020). Pharmacokinetic Variability of Therapeutic Antibodies in Humans: A Comprehensive Review of Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling Publications. Clinical Pharmacokinetics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40262-020-00874-2
Mould, D., & Dubinsky, M. (2015). Dashboard Systems: Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Mediated Dose Optimization for Monoclonal Antibodies. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 55(S3), S51-S59. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcph.370
Saito, T., Iida, S., Terao, K., & Kumagai, Y. (2017). Dosage Optimization of Nemolizumab Using Population Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Modeling and Simulation. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 57(12), 1564-1572. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcph.969