CSA technologies
Various institutions promote the use of CSA technologies. The institutions include state institutions, NGOs, multilateral organizations, informal and customary institutions—the scales of operation range from international to local. Having an appropriate and supportive institutional structure will enhance the acquiring of knowledge and technical innovations required to implement CSA (Anuga et al., 2019).
The governments of respective countries play the most vital role by providing the enabling environment for the adoption and implementation of CSA. Most government strategies for managing agricultural risks at the household or community level have taken different forms in different countries, i.e., mitigation activities, risk transfers such as insurance, resilience. NGOs and multilateral institutions provide operational guidance, such as gender-responsive interventions and assessments(Howland & Andrieu, 2018).
Most farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa have no access to government or market-based risk management tools; when they do, government programs or private sector initiatives to manage price and production instability are often insufficient (Lipper & Zilberman, 2018). Several new cash transfer initiatives have recently emerged in sub-Saharan Africa, and most target low rural households dependent on subsistence agriculture (Lipper & Zilberman, 2018). Provide investments for improving physical infrastructure, increasing access to markets, and developing farmers’ capacity to work together in a coordinated fashion to manage land, forest, and water resources across landscapes using equitable land tenure systems, natural resource-user groups, farmer’s organizations; provide credit for investing in sustainable land, forest and water management and timely access to different types and amounts of inputs (e.g., seeds) for enhancing the contribution agricultural production systems make to food and nutrition security (Pagliacci et al., 2020).