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PRESENTATION SCENARIO BIOLOGY
Q.1 Considering the disease history
It involves mentioning of health concerns or complaints by the patient. A doctor certainly can also ask lifestyle habits such as exercise and dieting, smoking sexual behaviours and alcohol usage. Subsequently, the doctor would examine the vaccination status and the patient’s record and the family’s medical history of the client.
- b) Physical examination
These include the vital symptoms or signs of doctor checks. They are temperature (98.6 0 is regarded as average temperature, healthy persons have slightly lower or higher than that temperature), heartbeat rate (typical values are 60 and 100 while some persons have heart rates that is less than 60). blood pressure (120/80 is standard, but 140/90 is deemed high) and the rate of respiration (12-16 breaths is a standard rate for healthy individuals, a rate more than 20times can be associated with lung or heart conditions).another point considered by the doctor is the general appearance. The doctor collects data on a patient by observing while asking questions. These would include questions concerning skin appearance, mental or memory stability.
c). Examination Procedures and Tests
These tests can be ordered routinely. They are discussed below.
- a) Chemistry panels – the tests are undertaken to examine the general health of an individual. The test assists in assessment purposes, for instance, the electrolyte balance of the body. The analysis is carried out on a sample of blood withdrawn from the vein.
- b) CBC test (complete blood count) – a doctor uses a CBC to assess individual general health. It also evaluates various disorders like leukaemia, infection and anaemia. Observable lapses (increases or decreases) within the CBC may suggest a fundamental medical condition, which would indicate a further assessment.
Q2. Measurement of blood is performed using a sphygmomanometer. The procedure involves placing a cuff on the arm and inflation initiated by applying a pump until there is a cut-off on circulation. A small valve would deflate the cuff, simultaneously a doctor places stethoscope to examine the pulsing of the blood via the arteries. Once the sound stops, a second number on the instrument would point to diastolic pressure, considered the heart blood pressure while at rest.
The SI unit for measuring blood is (mm Hg), and the recording exercise is undertaken using the systolic number, and then a diastolic number follows.
- ii) These are the numbers measuring the blood pressure and are often expressed as a fraction, for instance, 110/80. The top number represents the systolic pressure. The bottom number is the diastolic pressure.
iii) Systolic blood pressure determines the pressure within a blood vessel when a heartbeat occurs. Contrastingly, diastolic blood pressure often measures blood vessels pressure when the heart is rest and during pulses.
- iv) Yes, the blood pressure of Mr Smith is in the standard range
- v) Standard pressure is regarded to be less than 120/80 mm Hg. However, blood pressure above or at 120/80 and lower than 140/90 is deemed conventional to high. According to Iliades (2012), the numbers are referred to as pre-hypertensive. A blood pressure continuously above or at 140/90 would cause hypertension or high blood pressure phenomenon.
Q3.Hypertension – the test is undertaken to examine what causes high blood pressure and assess the functioning of an organ over time (Chemistry 2016). These tests comprise potassium that analyzes the body’s electrolytes; urinalysis to evaluate kidney function and creatinine, urinary albumin and nitrogen, which monitor the influence medications, have on kidneys and the kidney dysfunction. Another test is the cortisol that detects cortisol overproduction. Aldosterone is also carried out to test the production of the substance.
Metastatic Prostate Adenocarcinoma
This is called a PSA test (prostate-specific antigen. According to WebMD (2016), it involves drawing a blood sample from the vein on the arm and using it to detect PSA that naturally is found within the prostate gland. When there is a small PSA in the bloodstream, then the condition is considered normal while an increased amount of PSA means there might be inflammation, prostate infection or cancer case.
- ii) A collection of urine is undertaken for 24-hours. A test is usually performed to gauge the quantity of aldosterone within the urine. Aldosterone hormone helps the kidney to regulate potassium and salt balance. Increased Aldosterone amount can be because of liver cirrhosis, laxative abuse and diuretics abuse. A lower Aldosterone amount shows Addison disease.
Q4.
Test’s first set
The second set of tests
K+ is under standard range
K+ is under the standard range
Hb within the standard range
Hb within the standard range
Hct is under a standard range.
Platelet countis within the normal range
Hct within the standard range
Hco3 above the normal range
Blood glucose range is above normal
Rennin is under the normal range
Cortisol above the normal range
Urinary K+ within the standard range
Adrenocorticotropic hormone above the normal range
Urinary aldosterone (24hr) within the normal range
Q5.He underwent the Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).
- ii) MRI is a scan that applies strong radio waves and magnetic fields to magnify the smaller details within the body. One lies within the tube when the scan is undertaken. This scan takes 15-90 minutes concerning the scanning area of the body. Lastly, results from MRI in the diagnosis of plan treatment and evaluating previous treatments efficiencies.
A CT scan uses x-rays to generate complex structures of a person’s body. When the test is carried out, the patient will lie on a table setup joined to the CT scanner. The scanner would then communicate via x-rays. Every rotation of the scanner produces an organ’s part via a picture. The pictures are then saved on a desktop and printed. According to Computed Scan of The Body and WebMD (2014), other CT scans would require the patient to drink a dye that enables the organs and structures to be readily displayed on the ct pictures.
iii) The abdominal CT scan demonstrated an intestine obstruction resulting from the enlargement of the adrenal glands. Whereas the MRI scan showed prostate cancer metastasis towards the bony tissue.
Q6. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) – this scan applies radio waves and strong magnetic fields that create detailed pictures within the body (WebMD 2016).
- ii) Adrenocorticotropic hormone above the standard range
HCO3 above the normal range
Cortisol above the normal range
Blood Glucose level above the normal range
The detection of the cortisol overproduction by hypertension might be due to the Cushing syndrome.
The increased quantities of Adrenocorticotropic hormone than the standard level indicate cancer, inflammation or prostate infection.
iii) Adoption of scientific techniques in any clinical field enhances the diagnoses quality. When a physician embraces a scientific approach in their daily operations, it would mean more accurate diagnoses to work. The rule of scientific methodologies supports progress and objectivity while reconciling ethical issues within the medical field. Additionally, scientific inquiry handles problems through the formation of orhypotheses explanations that rely on the past know-how, which in turn directs scientists by guiding their facts interpretation and selection.
References
Chemistry, A.A (2016).a lab test online. Retrieved from hhtps://labtestonline.org/understanding/conditions/hypertension/start/3
Iliades Chris, M. (2012). How is blood pressure measured, and what do the numbers mean? Retrieved from https:www.everydayhealth.com/hypertension/understanding/what-does-blood-pressure-measure.aspx
WebMD. (2014). Computed Tomography (CT) scan of the body. Retrieved from http://www.wemd.com./a-to-z-guides/computed-tomography-ct-scan-of-the-body
WebMD. (2014). Prostate Cancer Health Center. Retrieved from http://www.wemd.com./protaste-cancer/tc/protaste-cancer-advanced-or-metastatic-exams-and-tests.
WebMD. (2016). Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Retrieved from http://www.wemd.com./a-to-z-guides/magnetic-resonance-imaging-mri