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Women and Gender Issues
Gender has been portrayed differently in different plays. Also, gender roles are depicted differently by various postmodern and modern American plays. Majority of women are assigned traditional roles and adapt to typical gender behavior characteristics. Women face limitations in their actions; their choices are restricted. They receive harsh punishments for unexpected behavior than their male counterparts. Women have gained an elevated status during the postmodern and modern periods. The concept of gender and gender roles has also changed during these periods, whereby women have risen to social prominence and power. In the early 19th century period women organized themselves to form the women movement as a result of the ballot. However, the voice of women was later silenced in the 20th century due to criticism from men. The leaders of all kinds of organizations can only learn about gender issues when the number of women in the workforce increases, and women achieve higher levels of success. Gender roles can be defined by six theories, which include symbolic interaction, gender schema, cognitive development, social learning, structural-functional, and biological theory (Copenhaver 4). The source is well related to the topic, and the authors have explained gender issues from different plays. I can recommend it to students to learn the theories of gender roles.
The existence of the female sphere determines the concept of justice and perception as well as shedding light on the stereotypical variances between genders. The interpretation of actual situations is determined by the learned behavioral patterns of both men and women. Stereotypical roles are defined by social realities, which generates the imposition and presumptions of pre-existing patterns on the other gender. In most cases, females are get entwined in systems of subconscious presuppositions of behavior, perception based on gender and mental capacity. Women are affected by the questions of morality and justice in criminal cases (Benk ő 4). Most communities are mostly concerned with feminism, and socialism women have organized themselves to form groups of activists to free themselves from stereotypical roles. Social conflicts result in gender-based murder in communities affected by gender crisis. Feminists’ ideas influence women to address murder issues, especially those targeting women in particular. The juridical and social boundaries of women overlap in murder cases. The source gives an insight into how women deal with murder issues and can be recommended to students to gather more information on gender conflicts affecting women.
Most companies have reported sowing commitment to gender diversity. However, the obligation has not yet transformed into meaningful progress. The proportion of omen in most workplaces has hardly changed over time. The growth has been slow and stalled. Women have been earning more degrees than men in the past years. also, the rate of salary negotiations and promotions has been equivocal to that of men. Also, they have stayed in their places of work at the same rate as men. Women of color have been underrepresented at every level of job specifications, and have suffered most in America. They have also lagged behind white women, men of color, and white men. The promotion and hiring rates mostly favor men, especially at top-level management. Some of the factors that contribute to a lack of gender diversity in places of work include sexual harassment, discrimination and the experience of being the sole woman in a room (Krivkovich et al. 8). Women are forced to produce more evidence of their competence, and their judgment is questioned more than men in their areas of expertise. The article provides useful information on issues affecting women in workplaces and can be recommended to those researching on the same.
An important turning point was experienced in the field of gender research in 1960sand 1970s. Sex roles were introduced in 1975, and different writings have been published on gender development in sex roles. Biological arguments have been advanced to justify gender inequality but have been termed as deterministic. Gender differences have existed in the community for several decades and have been used to justify policies, myriad laws, and practices in the private and public spheres. The emphasis on stereotyping and gender socialization has been in existence to provide a feminist perspective (Zosuls et al. 830). Sex roles have played a significant role in gender development. Women have been seen to hold top management positions, which can be recognized as advancement in sex roles. Also, there have been various cognitive approaches concerning socialization and gender development. Different complexities surround the relative contributions of social and biological factors in understanding the psychology of women. The article provides useful information on issues related to gender development, socialization, and sex roles. The source can be recommended to those researching articles that have focused on the advancement of sex roles since their establishment.
Women have been working alongside male counterparts in family businesses, and their roles were sharply defined during the Victorian period. During the progress in the 19th century, men started committing themselves to office work as women were left at home to oversee domestic duties (Hughes 6). The idea of separate spheres was defined on the natural characteristics of men and women. Women were regarded as morally superior but physically weaker to men. Traditionally, women did not require any education to prepare them for their domestic roles. On issues related to marriage and sexuality, young girls were not expected to focus on finding husbands. They were usually married in their early 20s, and their groom would be five years older. Men were only required to show the strength of earning enough money to support his children and wife. Women were not allowed to speak to men unless in the presence of a married woman. The women suspected to be sex workers were forced to undergo medical examinations, and those infected with sexually transmitted diseases were locked in rooms until they got cured. The source is a useful source and is related to the topic of women and gender issues, especially in the 19th century. It can be recommended to students researching gender issues that were experienced in the early 19th century.
Women and gender studies have changed in the past years due to cultural, social, economic, and political changes. Feminist theorizing and research on gender have experienced several developments over time, particularly on social theories. Postcolonial and post-structural methods accounting for the early oppression of women have been critiqued to a lesser extent. Gender equality has been achieved in most parts of the world, leading to claims that society is living in a postfeminist period. Cultural shifts have extended to most parts of the world. Different forms of activism and feminist movements have been directed to challenge gender injustices and inequalities shaping neoliberal practices, discourses, and policies (Robinson and Diane 2). The role of social institutions that sustain the types of gender privileges and the mechanisms of power that cause gender inequalities have not yet been understood. Different transformations have taken place in gender development regarding shifts and regimes in meanings of masculinity and femininity. Gender mainstreaming has led to the success of feminism over the past years. Also, the success of feminism has resulted in the perception that issues on gender equality have been solved. The book provides useful information on the problems related to gender and women studies. It is an excellent book and can be recommended to students to research further on gender issues.
Work Cited
Robinson, Victoria, and Diane Richardson, eds. Introducing gender and women’s studies. Macmillan International Higher Education, 2015.
Copenhaver, Bonny Ball. “A Portrayal of Gender and a Description of Gender Roles in Selected American Modern and Postmodern Plays.” (2002).
Krivkovich, Alexis, et al. “Women in the Workplace 2017.” The organization (2017).
Zosuls, Kristina M., et al. “Gender development research in sex roles: Historical trends and future directions.” Sex roles64.11-12 (2011): 826-842.
Hughes, Kathryn. “Gender roles in the 19th century.” British Library 15 (2014).
Benk ő, Zsuzsanna. “The Construction of Gender Roles in Susan Glaspell’s Trifles and Modern English and American Crime Stories.” 2008.