Annotated Bibliography: Effects of Climatic Change
Hollesen, Jørgen, Martin Callanan, Tom Dawson, Rasmus Fenger-Nielsen, T. Max Friesen, Anne M. Jensen, Adam Markham, Vibeke V. Martens, Vladimir V. Pitulko, and Marcy Rockman. Climate Change and the Deteriorating Archaeological and Environmental Archives of the Arctic. Antiquity Publications Ltd, 2018.
[i]Among180 000 recorded archaeological sites, one of the effect of climate change is the coastal erosion which has become a pervasive risk. Permafrost coasts of northern and northwestern Alaska and western Canada Arctic is one of the largest regions of high-sensitivity coastline in the polar regions Arctic. Permafrost thaw and microbial degradation is another effect. Microbial and fungal organisms in archeological repositories and remaining wooden structures have adjusted to the cold Arctic climate; they are vulnerable to rising soil temperatures, particularly when water is drained and decreased oxygen supply causes erosion. The decay of organic archeological repositories is followed by high microbial heat output. For instance, this boosts soil temperatures, thereby speeding decomposition cycles and greatly increasing the effects of climate change.
Vegetation increase and tundra fires is another effect. The impact is vegetation overgrowing and finally hidden. In addition, heavier foliage and the expansion of trees may increase summer heat loss, which can decrease the soil water content and lead to the degradation rate of organic archeological deposits. Increased root depth can also pose a challenge to sub-soil archeology. The climate change in this region has also an impact on tourism and the local communities. The loss of ice, thawing of permafrost and coastal deforestation exposes archeological sites in the Arctic to possible destruction not only by tourists but also by commercial and non-commercial owners.
This source is important because it provides solution to problems brought about by climatic change. Surveillance of sites should be made available by the joint use of community science programs, security guidelines and environmental protection programmers. Specific challenges should also be recognized of surveilling such sites, due to the size and inaccessibility of the Arctic. However, excavation may be the only presently available approach for handling archeological deposits at threats of degradation.
Brondızio, Eduardo S., Ana C.B de Lima, Sam Schramski, and Cristina Adams. Social and Health Dimensions of Climate Change in the Amazon. Vol. 43. Bloomington, USA: Department of Anthropology, Indiana University, 2016.
Climate change is likely to change ecosystem viability for Contagious diseases, with the changing geographic ranges[ii]. The sophistication and multitude of possible factors in these connections may reduce the role of climate change. There is proof of high prevalence of contagious diseases correlated with multifaceted pathogens in the tropical regions especially malaria. There is an association between hydrological factors and diarrhoeal diseases. The greatest occurrence of diarrhoeal diseases tends to arise especially when there is a lot of rains. Climate change increases the rate of droughts affecting fire and air quality in the Amazon which causes respiratory diseases.
This source is important because it connects the possible factors of climate change. Increasing the knowledge of the global effects of climate change will help in generating ideas that is valuable for communities at risk both for mitigation strategies and investments.
Strauss, Sarah. “WIREs Clim Change.” Are Cultures Endangered by Climate Change? Yes, but… 3 (2012): 371–77. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.181.
Cultures are not constant; they are constantly adapting to conflicts, plagues, new technologies as well as climate and temperature change. For instance, Kivalina and Shishmaref, Alaska melting permafrost, decreased ice pack left traumatized coastal regions rapid deforestation, to the extent of evacuation[iii]. In Tuvalu’s South Pacific country Sea-level rise and saltwater penetration triggers mass displacement as a result of these climate-related disruptions. A lot of people have shifted and adapted their survival methods in reaction to changing climate conditions. Intrusion by other communities or other forms of shifts in the food base have often forced people to relocate without risking the loss of their society.
This article is important because climatic changes affects people from different cultures. This article could not have been more timely, our climate crisis requires that we dismantle the social, political, economic and cultural structures that have taken us to this verge
Hamilton, Lawrence C., Joel Hartter, Mary Lemcke-Stampone, and David W. Moore. “PLOS ONE .” Tracking Public Beliefs About Anthropogenic Climate Change, May 5, 2015, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0138208.
Current series of surveys establishes a framework for tracking whether potential technological, political, socio-economic or climate changes have an effect on societal recognition of the scientific consensus. Political ideology replaces certain historical factors in the estimation of human climate-change views[iv]. Policies to curb these changes results from education. People claim to have enough knowledge when it comes to such. Findings indicate that the influences of weather or climate appear to be small and dependent, as opposed to the solid, pervasive impact of political affiliation. The relevancy of this article is that it provides credibility, transparency and a straightforward understanding of how individuals relates politics to climate.
“Climate Change Threatens to Sweep Away Historic Jamestown Settlement.” Oldest Known English Settlement in America at Risk from Rising Seas, with Some of the Archaeological Digs Already Destroyed, June 5, 2014.
Jamestown Island, America’s oldest documented permanent European community, is facing a big threat which is being swept away by rising waters, parts of which are now under the James River. Tidewater of Virginia and parts of Chesapeake Bay have been affected due to systematic change[v]. Although this is a big cause, the area is still going down as a consequence of a meteor that struck the Chesapeake Bay decades ago. Challenges faced in the light of the threat of climate change are structural and profound social change is needed This article helps to explain that the climatic threats are based on scientific evidence, and not by economic or political agendas.
[i] Hollesen, Jørgen, Martin Callanan, Tom Dawson, Rasmus Fenger-Nielsen, T. Max Friesen, Anne M. Jensen, Adam Markham, Vibeke V. Martens, Vladimir V. Pitulko, and Marcy Rockman. Climate Change and the Deteriorating Archaeological and Environmental Archives of the Arctic. Antiquity Publications Ltd, 2018.
[ii] Brondızio, Eduardo S., Ana C.B de Lima, Sam Schramski, and Cristina Adams. Social and Health Dimensions of Climate Change in the Amazon. Vol. 43. Bloomington, USA: Department of Anthropology, Indiana University, 2016.
[iii] Strauss, Sarah. “WIREs Clim Change.” Are Cultures Endangered by Climate Change? Yes, but… 3 (2012): 371–77. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.181.
[iv] Hamilton, Lawrence C., Joel Hartter, Mary Lemcke-Stampone, and David W. Moore. “PLOS ONE .” Tracking Public Beliefs About Anthropogenic Climate Change, May 5, 2015, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0138208.
[v] “Climate Change Threatens to Sweep Away Historic Jamestown Settlement.” Oldest Known English Settlement in America at Risk from Rising Seas, with Some of the Archaeological Digs Already Destroyed, June 5, 2014.