Article Review Table:

Reference (in APA format):    Summer A., T. S. (2017). An Evaluation of Lag Schedules of Reinforcement During Functional Communication Training: Effects of Varied Mand Responding and Challenging behavior. Behavior Analysis Practice 10, 209-213.

Intro:  The implications of lag schedules of reinforcements were evaluated in a Functional Communication Training (FCT). The evaluation was on the various uses of minds and the behavior of two people living with autism. The effects of Lag 0 and Lag 1 schedules were compared during the FCT. Results were clarified to show the two victims each had an increase in the response of the mands during the FCT. Their Lag 1 was relative to Lag 0. In their challenging behavior, a lower behavior was noticed in both lag situations. Prevention and mitigation measures and treatment measures are explained in the research paper.

Previous Studies: Manipulation of the consequences of behavioral variability controls it, just as any other operant behavioral dimension. Reinforcement and punishment are examples of manipulation measures. Various experts have explained that control measure in their studies; Lee, Jawor, and McComas are experts who have proven the measure. Repetition and stereotyped actions by people living with autism could be theorized as a shortfall in varied mand responses. Also, schedules of the Lags can be utilized in treating challenging behaviors like FCT.

Purpose: Evaluate the implications of lag schedules in Functional Communication Training (FCT) on two people living with autism. The variations on mand usage and the two individuals’ challenging conduct are critical in the discussions and findings. The effects of Lag 0 and Lag 1 schedules are compared during the FCT, and the results are discussed accordingly. In their challenging behavior, a lower behavior is evaluated in both lag situations. Prevention and mitigation measures and treatment measures are explained in the research paper.

Method: The experimental design method was used to collect data and come up with the final results.  Two participants were used, John and Fred, both are individuals with autism. The two individuals have been reported before to have engaged in a self-distressing behavior due to the condition. The sessions were carried out in different places; John used his home, and Fred used an unoccupied classroom. Alternative items of communication, tables, chairs, and other preferred items were in the session rooms according to the area’s condition.

Participants/Setting: The participants were two individuals who are living with autism; Fred and John. They have been reported before to have engaged in self-distressing behavior because of the condition. Functional analysis showed that John’s behavior aided tangible functions while Fred’s condition served escape roles. The two had different settings for their sessions. While John had his session at home, Fred had his in an unoccupied classroom. The places were filled with a table, chairs, alternative communication devices, and other high or low preferred items according to the sites’ environments.

Design: The ABCBCAC reverse strategy was used to analyze the impacts of FCT when joined together with various mand responses and challenging characteristics with diverse lag programs. Both John and Fred had 5 minutes sessions. Just before the evaluation, a mand structure valuation to approve the free use of each mands. Before the first Lag 0 session, a training trial was performed using physical guidance, vocal prompt, physical prompt, and pre prompt prompting series. Once the participants showed independence in the first trial, the session began.

Dependent Variable (DV): (the measured behavior) In the experimental research, the dependent variables were the Lag 0 and Lagged 1 schedule. The evaluation was on the various uses of mands and the behavior of two people living with autism. The effects of Lag 0 and Lag 1 programs were compared during the FCT to find the results, which were clarified to show that the two victims each had an increase in the response of the mands during the FCT. Their Lag 1 was relative to Lag 0. In their challenging behavior, a lower behavior was noticed in both lag situations.

Independent Variable (IV): (the environmental manipulation) The independent variable was the participants’ sessions for the experiment to occur. The fact that the two participants had autism and being analyzed in sessions cannot be changed by any other variables in the research. The restaurant’s other variables cannot change to the participants on the Lag O and Lag one schedules’ influence. Therefore, the Lag 0 and Lag 1 programs are not ways to change the autism conditions of the two participants.

Procedure:  John had one-minute pre-session access to high first choice inducements as provided by the experiment. Once the session began, the induced stimuli were limited. The investigation later offered 30 seconds of access to the motivation. To Fred, academic demands were presented by the experiment. The three-step prompting procedure was used in his case. A break of 30 seconds from the academic tasks was provided in the investigation. A presentation of the next demand followed after short-term praise reliant on compliance. During the standard condition, mand constituents were not availed.

Results (include a screenshot of the graph from your article here): FCT Lag 0 had John having similar products as the baseline. The only difference was the presence of mand materials in the Lag 0. The experimenter gave results of academic anxieties on Fred. The effects on the FCT Lag 1 were the same as those of FCT Lag 0. The difference was the support was delivered dependent on various mand reactions. The immediately former mand retorts had reinforced support offered. The aimed and that looked matching to the instant prior mand comebacks were disregarded.

Level, trend, etc.: The evaluation was on the various uses of mands and the behavior of two people with autism. The effects of Lag 0 and Lag 1 schedules were compared during the FCT. Results were clarified to show the two victims each had an increase in the response of the mands during the FCT. Their Lag 1 was relative to Lag 0. In their challenging behavior, a lower behavior was noticed in both lag situations. Lag 1 schedules revealed higher levels of varying mand responses, comparable to Lag 0 plans in both John and Fred’s results. The research inferred that there might be usefulness in entrenching both Lag 0 and Lag 1 schedules when multiple mands are targeted.

Was there Experimental Control? (was there a predictable change in behavior (DV) that was reliably produced by the systematic manipulation of some aspect of the environment (IV) There was no experimental control in the empirical research. Factors that were out of the study were not prevented from affecting the entire research throughout the Lag 0 and Lag one session. Alternative descriptions of these investigational results were not removed. Eradicating each of the possible explanations would be difficult and time-consuming; thus, experimental control would fit the experiment.

Discussion: Lag 1 schedules revealed higher levels of varying mand responses, comparable to Lag 0 plans in both John and Fred’s results. Second, the researchers inferred that there might be usefulness in entrenching both Lag 0 and Lag 1 schedules when multiple mands are targeted. This when FCT is utilized for deterrence or retribution of renaissance of stimulating behavior through cure challenges. In their challenging behavior, a lower behavior was noticed in both lag situations. Prevention and vindication actions and curative measures are explained in the research paper.

Limitations: First, mand materials were not included in the baseline situations of both Fred and John. However, an assessment of the implications through the FCT on total mand reacting relative to baseline situation included the mand materials. This difference in the inclusion of the materials affected the results concerning the research results’ validity. A methodological assessment of the inconsistency where the two participants used discrete mand structures during the lag schedules. The use of the mand topographies affected the research, but we did not analyze the effect.

Implications: The inferences were that, first, Lag 1 schedules revealed higher levels of varying mand responses, comparable to Lag 0 programs in both John and Fred’s results. Second, the researchers inferred that there might be usefulness in entrenching both Lag 0 and Lag 1 schedules when multiple mands are targeted. This when FCT is utilized for deterrence or retribution of renaissance of stimulating behavior through cure challenges. A lower behavior was noticed in both Lag 0 and Lag 1 schedule situations in their challenging behavior.

Future Research: As indicated by the authors of the article, future studies should consider the mand materials during the baseline session, using the same procedure to come up with outcomes different from the ones inferred in this research paper. This will give room for a more systematic assessment of the implications of Lag 0 and Lag one schedule during FCT. Future research should also do a methodological evaluation of the inconsistency where the participants used the mand topographies in both Lag 0 and Lag 1 schedules.

 

 

YOUR ORIGINAL PROJECT (different from intervention and targeted behaviors from the above article): Effect of raw scale scores of depression and anxiety comparing Dutch and French patients.

Independent variable: (your intervention) depression and anxiety are the independent variables. The research is only measuring the effect of raw scale scores of depression and anxiety in Dutch and French patients. The variables anxiety and depression are the ones that lead the research to the results, and they need no other variables to stand because they stand on their own.

Dependent variable: (your targeted behaviors for a change) The Raw scale was the dependent variable because it was a function of the Rasch theta score, representing depression and anxiety. Without depression and anxiety variables, the raw scale sum score could not be analyzed and found. The natural scale sum score resulted from an analysis of the variables of anxiety and depression. The graph clearly shows the raw scale score to be a function of the DIF accustomed Rasch theta mark. That fact makes it an independent variable.

Design: Experimental design was used whereby French items were fitted in the Rasch scale model to begin the experiment. Afterward, Dutch items were included in the Rasch scale to be compared with the French things. Additionally, five articles that explained depression and anxiety in Dutch and French students were reviewed; therefore, an archival study was used. These were peer-reviewed journals, reports from other studies by experts in psychology, and related disorders. The articles met the CRAAP test, thus were the best to be used in the study.

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