Authenticity, Local Community Participation, and Access to Local Products as Drivers of Cultural Heritage Visits in China

Name

Institutional Affiliation

Abstract

The study discusses the involvement and participation of local communities, the role of authenticity, and the accessibility of locally produced products in developing and promoting tourism activities in Hong Kong, China. Authenticity is vital in the development of intangible cultural heritage tourism in China. Cultural heritage is a natural fit for developing tourism activities due to its artistic and cultural values. The local community may participate in tourism development in many ways, such as planning and implementing tourism activities and sharing tourism benefits. The goal of local community involvement strives for reasonable practices that balance the need of locals and the tourism industry’s interests.

Local communities are lured by the benefits they get from tourism activities. The development of tourism destinations has cultural, social, economic, and environmental benefits that attract the locals to participate. These benefits enable them to meet tourist satisfaction. The study also focuses on constructed, perceived, and existential authenticity concerning the consumer model to show the relationship between cultural heritage motivation and tourist satisfaction.

Data used in the study are collected using a questionnaire designed to meet the study’s set objective. Reliability and exploratory factor analyses of the collected data was formed using SPSS. Qualitative methods are also used in the analysis of collected data. The analyzed data show the correlation between authenticity, access to products, and local participation in developing tourism activities in the city. The locals are willing to contribute to the development of tourism activities in the city due to the economic benefits attached to tourism activities. Most tourists visiting the city do so due to access to quality and safe products. Based on the findings, the locals should be encouraged to participate in tourism activities for economic growth and social integration purposes.

Keyword: constructed authenticity, perceived authenticity, exploratory factor analysis, cultural heritage, tourism.

Introduction

Tourism is the fastest and essential industry in many country countries, including China. The sector has offered a lot of opportunities to various organizations and has led to impetus economic development. Tourism is an avenue for generating social, environmental, and economic benefits to communities, fostering community development, and alleviating poverty (Cole, 2006). Tourism has been envisioned as a strategy for economic growth achieved through the provision or enhancement of social facilities to meet tourists’ requirements. Tourism may attract communities’ participation through its benefits to the communities, such as direct and indirect economic benefits, soci0-cultural benefits, and environmental conservation benefits.

Asian countries, including China, are rich in various tourism attractions, including religious tourism, cultural tourism, and eco-tourism. Many foreign tourists find China as the preferred tourist destination. The country is endorsed with famous cultural and historical sites with beautiful scenery and exciting customs that draw millions of tourists (Nguyen, & Cheung, 2016). There are many tourist attraction sites in Beijing, Xi’ an, and other places that help individuals who want to know more about ancient Chinese history.

The tourism industry is one of the main socio-economic pillars of Hong Kong, with the majority, are reported to come from mainland China. The number of visitors from the mainland has boomed after introducing the Individual Visit Scheme (Nguyen, & Cheung, 2016). The scheme allows residents from different cities and countries to travel independently to Hong Kong. Visitors from mainland China have been filling shopping stores and hotels and have been accepted by the city’s locals.

Local communities’ involvement in tourism activities is used to analyze the effect of authenticity, social-cultural factors, and availability of attractive products and services. Participation of local communities in tourism activities has been prompted by the social, economic, and environmental benefits of tourism. Tourism improves the locals’ standard of living and generates economic growth as it raises investment and business activities in the city (Li, 2002). Conversely, it may deter locals from participating in tourism activities due to the negative impact of tourism. The industrial play has led to an increase in land and housing cost that has affected the local communities’ livelihood.

The socio-cultural perspective views tourism as a source of social problems such as gambling, drug abuse, congestions, increased crime levels, and prostitution. On the other hand, tourism is viewed as a means of developing and upgrading facilities and infrastructures in the host regions (Cole, 2006). The cultural impact associated with tourism activities is based on the relationship between locals and the visitors, the image of international visitors, the level of education, and the level of communication between the hosts and guests. Tourism also provides an avenue for the interchange between the visitors and the hosts that creates a better cultural understanding that may raise awareness of preserving cultural and traditional customs and values of the hosts and the guests.

This paper studied authenticity, local community participation, and access to local products as drivers of cultural heritage tourism in China. Hong Kong is chosen as the case study in this paper due to the flourishing number of tourists from different parts of the world, including mainland China. The report examines factors influencing locals participating in the tourism activities, contributing different authenticities to the development of tourism activities in the region. Additionally, the paper also details how local products accessible and attractive to tourists’ booming number. The main research question in the paper is, “What is the relationship between authenticity, local participation, and availability of local products to the development of tourism activities in the city of Hong Kong?”

The paper is composed of an introduction to the research question and contribution of tourism to the economy, social life, and environment. The literature review section of this paper covers past studies that contribute to the research topic’s backing. The section illustrates the relationship between the research topic and the development of tourism activities. Various suggestions on how to foster the impact of local participation are also discussed in the section.

Literature Review

Tourism is the activity by which people travel from one place to another, intending to stay or work and majorly temporarily spend some leisure time in their destination (Towoliu, Permana, & Sangari, 2020). Tourism can be categorized by the motives of the tourists in the destinations. The motivation for tourism attraction may result from a different cultural endorsement, natural reserves, and maritime features. The socio-cultural attributes of the country provide an added value for the tourism industry. The attributes include natural and cultural heritage that attracts visits to China.

Discussion concerning tourism should be based on measures of whether the attractiveness of tourism is interesting or not. Heritage tourism is analyzed to determine whether tourists are satisfied with the authenticity and culture in China. The question of the importance of cultural authenticity arose when tourists are complaining of its disappearance.

The development of tourism destinations in China may have economic and socio-cultural effects on the local community. These effects may benefit the communities or may act as their barrier to accept tourism within the community (Song, Cheong, Wang, & Li, 020). Apart from economic benefit, local communities are also attracted to the commoditization of cultures from minority ethnic groups propagated through ethnic tourism in the country. Chinese ethnic culture attracts enormous spiritual and symbolic importance to their art object and ceremonies that may attract visits to the country. For instance, the Tibetan traditional funeral ceremonies have been considered as a tourist attraction.

Ethnic tourism is affected by factors such as community participation and empowerment. The contribution of the involvement has been studied. Though there has been local community empowerment regarding investing in tourism, a lot still needs to be done to enable the community to understand the true nature of empowerment that may impact the local communities (Li, 2002). Historical beliefs and contemporary political realities influence the participation and empowerment of the local communities. There has been a long-standing imbalance of power and political differences between social groups in the local community. The political differences are part of the groundwork that influences the establishment of cultural tourism.

The social and cultural aspect of tourism has affected the local community regarding their overall sense of well-being in community life, material life, and health and safety (Siu et al., 2013). The development of heritage tourism considers the viewpoint of all stakeholders and leveling the benefits for all stakeholders. A partnership approach has been applied to provide a practical framework for community participation in promoting tourism. The tourism industry offers an incentive to preserve the cultural history and customs of the local community. Additionally, development in the industry enables maintaining the local cultural heritage sites (Cole, 2006). The perfection and preservation of local crafts, songs, traditional activities, dances, and the locals’ ancient history act as a tourist attraction, leading to their conservation. The development of tourism opens the local community to the entire world with all it offers.

Tourist has also negatively impacted the local communities in many ways. Affluent tourists visiting the region may lead to local resentment when there is a substantial disparity in the wealth distribution between the tourists and the hosts (Alshboul, 2016). Some tourists are reported to be disrespectful to the Chinese culture by, for instance, breaking a brick out of the great wall of China. The visitors’ behavior causes clashes between the tourists and the hosts and results in the displacement of local values and cultures. Tourism may also affect the natural heritage in china by affecting population distribution and environmental pollution. The pressure on tourism’s benefit has led the locals, for instance, to cut down trees and vegetation to build hotels to accommodate the visitors.

From the socio-cultural perspective, tourism has contributed to social problems such as drug addiction, gambling, prostitution, beggars, and increased criminal levels (Kreag, 2001). However, the cultural impact on tourism may be affected by the social relationship among the local communities, communication, level of education among the locals and the visitors, and the image of the international tourists. Cultural interchange can better understand the host and the guests (Kim et al., 2013). Cultural interaction can also help create awareness of the importance of preserving the hosts’ traditional customs. Tourism may further influence the spoken language of the host, which may become displaced by the visitors’ language.

Tourist visits in China have been affected by the authenticity and commodification of local community objects and local community practices. Cultural heritage is a valuable asset that supports host local communities’ cultural and economic values in a region visited by tourists (Yang, Chan, & Li, 2017). Intangible cultural heritage with the community is protected to preserve its uniqueness and vulnerability. The protection of the cultural heritage is done through school education, folk protection, salvage operation, and museum preservation.

The preservation of cultural heritage should go hand in hand with tourism development in the visited region. Additionally, an inadequate form of tourism development has been associated with the difficulty in the local community’s products attracting tourists. On the other hand, tourists also affect the development and protection of some of the effects associated with cultural heritage. The products that are not attractive to the tourists will diminish in their values and go to waste. The development of cultural heritage should take into consideration the feelings of tourists visiting the region.

Another vital principle of cultural heritage tourism development is the significance of authenticity to the development of cultural heritage. Authenticity is the quality of being right, sincere, original, genuine, and traditionally made (Nguyen, & Cheung, 2016). It claims whether an object is what it appears to be in reality. Studies have been conducted to associate cultural heritage as a tourist attraction. Individuals from different parts of the world have been spending their leisure time experiencing activities within the locals to experience activities carried out to meet tourists’ specific needs. Cultural identity plays a significant part in tourism attraction. The cultural identity of intangible cultural heritage involves recognizing cultural identity and values that show the host’s relationship and culture as represented by their heritage (Tian et al., 2020). Tourism development encompasses the recognition and understanding of local culture in a more non-conventional environment.

Authenticity is associated with cultural and heritage tourism and is a concept that has been captured in heritage protection. It posited the real experience and self-recognition of an object that is attractive to tourists. Authenticity is influenced by active intangible cultural heritage and trends related to existentialism and constructivism (Nguyen, & Cheung, 2016). Constructive authenticity aims at improving and maintaining the tourist destinations, while, on the other hand, existentialism authenticity aims at attracting and maintenance of tourists.

The primary motivation for tourists to travel to a destination lies in their quest for the heritage attraction’s authenticity. The concept of authenticity is captured in-depth in the consumer-based model. The model has four components; objective authenticity, loyalty, cultural motivation, and existential authenticity. Tourists’ motivation to visit a destination positively influences perceived authenticity.

The local community’s goodwill supports the development of tourism activities in terms of successful operation and sustainability of the business in a region (Yang, 2019). The sense of local community attachment and participation in tourism activities affect the residents’ perception and the relationship between the local community and the visitors (Michael, 2009). It has been affirmed that tourists are more attracted by destinations whose residents are more friendly, hospitable, and honest. The local community needs to be intensely be involved and given an active role in the development of tourism activities in their regions. The local community should participate in the planning and management of local tourism activities within the locality.

Local communities leaving the city may participate in the tourism industry through providing transportation services to heritage sites and provide services such as boating, horse rental, short term language interpretation, and providing tour guide services (Yang, 2019). Local communities may motivate themselves to promote tourism development based on the industry’s shared benefits (Piuchan et al., 2018). The hosts may encourage themselves by developing and following efficient procedures in their participation.

Access to local products is another important driver of tourism in the city of Hong Kong. The city has developed a culture of manufacturing genuine and safe products trusted by tourists from other regions, including mainland China (Liu, Yang, & Chau, 2020). Hong Kong offers products such as milk powder, leather products that are safer to use. These products have induced the tourists to develop Individual Visit Scheme to visit the city to purchase the bulk products frequently. Cultural heritage sites are furnished with ultra-modern hotels with products, such as spas, and attractive services.

Tourist shoppers are guided by their preferences, choice, and behavior when looking for products to purchase. Tourists look further to the shopping environment, the shops’ atmosphere, variety of goods and services (Liu, Yang, & Chau, 2020). They emphasize more on the perceived risks and product quality when going for a product. Past studies show and recognize that shopping foreign tourism shopping satisfaction is affected by the host’s factors. Shopping satisfaction is affected by the quality of the product and service quality, after-sales services, and the shopping environment (Zhang, Cho, Wang, & Ge, 2018). The host controls these factors, and thus, there is a need to train the locals adequately to participate efficiently in the industry.

The development in the transportation sector has facilitated access to attractive products. The developments in high-speed trains and other modes of transport have improved the accessibility of the city. Growth in transport facilities has directly promoted the degree by which the city is opening up and strengthens its communication with the rest of the world. Some of the cultural heritage sites that were unreachable can now be easily accessed by tourists increasing the number of those visiting the city. The service quality offered by travel agencies also affects the promotion of attractive products in the city for the tourists.

Methodology

In this chapter, the research methodology applied in the study is discussed. The first section of the chapter introduces the studied population. The section that follows illustrates measurement scale development of the research followed by data collection and analysis.

The studied population

Mainland China has been recorded as the biggest inbound market for tourism over the last decade. In 2013, Hong Kong received more than 40 million mainland China, translating to 75 % of the total visitors (Nguyen, & Cheung, 2016). Shopping the main motivation for tourism in the region, among other motivations such as curiosity, knowledge enhancement, and experiencing different cultures and lifestyles. The Chinese visitors are stimulated to travel considering their concern for knowledge enhancement, culture, and lifestyle, which attributes to the authenticity of the tourism attractions. The attractions offer unique cultural images that allure tourists to visit.

Measurement scale development

The evaluation of the satisfaction of the tourists is suggested to be measured by using multiple dimensions. Five measurement items are used to evaluate the study’s objectives as the single measurement is prone to errors. Authenticity will be measured using three dimensions of authenticity that are used to develop a measurement scale. The first scale of the multi-dimensional scales involves extracting measurement items from the conceptualization and measurement scales that have been used previously (Nguyen, & Cheung, 2016). The three main dimensions of authenticity that include objective, existential, and constructive, are analyzed. In the second stage, additional items are developed through in-depth interviews with tourists visiting Hong Kong. The measurement items were critically assessed. The final items picked by representatives of professionals were validated through a survey measured on a 5-point Likert scale designed to range from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).

Data collection

The study was conducted in six different heritage sites; Man Mo Temple, Ten Thousand Buddha Monastery, Wong Tai Sin Temple, Po Lin Monastery, and Ping Shan Heritage Trail in Hong Kong (Nguyen, & Cheung, 2016). The locals from the heritage sites are targeted for the survey. Ten Chinese undergraduate students were recruited and trained to collect data in the organization and implementation of the study. Tourists were approached and asked for permission to be involved in the study, and their privacy was assured. They were asked to fill in the guided questionnaire during or upon their departure from the heritage sites. The survey will take six months, and a total of 300 questionnaires are projected to be collected. The questionnaire that will be deemed incomplete during data organization will be considered invalid and not included in the data analysis.

The questionnaire designed for the study is based on questions that target the respondents” perceptions of the Chinese cultural beliefs and rituals’ tourist attraction. The questionnaire will be tested before the study to assess any downfall in the design of the questionnaires. The test results should indicate that the questionnaire does not have any significant problem for the questionnaires to be accepted for the study. The respondents were selected using sampling methods and accidental sampling. The questionnaire was designed using the Likert scale that ranges from 1 (strongly disagree), 2 (disagree), 3 (moderately agree), 4 (agree), and 5 (strongly agree). The designed questionnaire is shown in the appendix section.

The other purpose of the study is to study local community participation as a driver to cultural heritage tourism in the region. The study applies a qualitative research method designed to be consistent with the assumptions in place for understanding human problems (Song, Cheong, Wang, & Li, 020). Data collection for the survey involves using both open and close-ended questionnaire that is submitted to the respondents. The respondents are selected from the permanent residents of Hong Kong. The approach will be used considering that locals are believed to respond more to their communities. They will provide adequate information about factors affecting their participation in promoting local and foreign cultural tourism.

The questionnaire would be designed in English and translated to the native language to ensure that the respondents provide their most sincere responses without the language barrier. Data analysis of the qualitative research for the study would be carried out concurrently with the data collection process. The qualitative research approach involves openly collecting data, sorting the collected data into broad categories, creating summaries into core ideas, and performing core analysis.

The study’s pre-investigation would be conducted before the regular survey is done to affirm the questionnaire’s validity and reliability. Further, convenience sampling of the population would be conducted during the pre-investigation period. Issuance of the formal questionnaire would also be done through convenience sampling.

Data analysis

Descriptive analysis is done for the first part of the questionnaire, which is composed of tourist data such as the number of tourists who have visited the city during the period of study, the purpose of visit, and other personal information such as gender, country of origin, age, and income. The descriptive analysis of the data is recorded in the table below.

Table 1. Descriptive data analysis

Sample Information

Frequency

Percentage (%)

Gender

Male

Female

180

170

51.42

48.57

Age

<18

18-20

20-30

30-40

40-50

50-60

> 60

22.8

14.29

15.71

12.86

15.71

7.14

Number of Visits

First time

Second time

Third time

More than three times

100

150

17.14

28.57

42.86

17.14

Mode of transportation

Private

Through travel agency

Corporate organization

Others

110

120

31.43

34.29

22.86

11.43

Respondent’s attitude towards preservation of the traditional style

Very concerned

Concerned

Uncertain

Do not care

indifferent

180

51.43

22.86

14.29

11.43

The table shows a relatively balanced distribution in terms of age and gender of the tourists visiting the regions. Many tourists visit the area for the first time compared to those who had visited the area on several occasions. Many of the visitors feel the need to preserve the traditional styles of the host. The indicates that authenticity plays a vital role in tourism attraction in the region. Tourists are attracted to the cultural heritage of the local communities. Service delivery such as in transport sector also plays a part for tourists to visit the area. Tourists prefer to travel to the cultural heritage sites using travel agency services. The way these agencies will provide their services to the visitors will also determine the number of tourists expected.

The reliability analysis of the survey data collected from the respondents shows that the alpha coefficient for each of the response is greater than 0.85, which indicates good reliability. The exploratory factor analysis of the data collected was conducted using IBM SPSS, and the results are contained in the table below.

Table 2. Reliability analysis

	Object Measured	Number of Items	Alpha coefficient	Subscale alpha
Cultural Identity	Cognition Emotions Cultural Behavior	6 6 4	0.897 0.911 0.876	0.923
Authenticity	Active authenticity Product authenticity Environmental authenticity Self-worth authenticity Travel services authenticity Interpersonal relations authenticity	4 5 3 3 4 5	0.889 0.876 0.867 0.870 0.878 0.889	0.889
Tourist Satisfaction		6
Host loyalty		5

The exploratory factor analysis conducted in the reliability analysis of scale determined the questionnaire’s validity in the pre-survey analysis. Confirmatory factor analysis is then applied to determine if the corresponding analysis is in agreement. IBM SPSS was used to carry out confirmatory factor analysis, and from the results, it was evident that variables such as authenticity and cultural identity had some distinct differences. Other variables such as satisfaction and loyalty had uniform internal structural with fewer variations.

Discussion

The analysis results show that cultural identity significantly influences authenticity, including both existential and constructive authenticity. Authenticity affects the visitors’ behavior and experience and determines the tourists’ satisfaction and loyalty at the same time. Based on the results, attention is drawn to foster the visitors’ relationship between the hosts’ cultural identity and authenticity perception when developing cultural heritage tourism. These factors are exploited to promote tourists’ satisfaction, which influences their destination loyalty. Perception of authenticity is greatly affected cultural identity in cultural heritage tourism. Tourist satisfaction is the ultimate goal of tourism. The results and past studies have shown that existential and constructed authenticity positively affect tourist satisfaction.

It is projected that locals are attracted to participating in tourism activities in the region due to its economic contribution. Tourists from mainland China significantly impact the daily life of the local communities within Hong Kong. The respondents working in hotels and cultural heritage sites would be involved in tourism activities due to financial gain from payments they will receive from the services they offer. Tourism activities within Hong Kong are also postulated to be contributed by social and cultural factors, transportation availability, and other infrastructures that support tourism. Social-cultural factors have impacted tourism both physically and behaviorally. It is seen that socio-cultural factors will have both negative and positive effects on tourism activities with the region.

Tourism activities create business opportunities and generate revenues that have attracted the locals in Hong Kong to participate in the activities. Some of the responses will affirm that tourism activities could lead to overcrowding of shopping malls within the city and boost the region’s economy. The Chinese from the mainland are also attracted and have tremendous confidence in the products and services offered in Hong Kong. From literature, products from Hong Kong such as food items, milk powder, leather brands are regarded by mainland Chinese as genuine and safe to use. These products have induced mainland Chinese into Individual Visit Scheme to travel to Hong Kong to purchase such products in bulk.

There is a belief that Hong Kong is a shopping paradise, and the belief has been the reason behind the attraction of tourists into the city. The cultural image of exquisite products in the city might remain in tourists’ minds to visit the city. Most city hotels are furnished with exquisite features, including services and spas that would attract tourists.

Conclusion and Recommendation

From the case study, the research made an essential contribution in relating authenticity, availability of attractive products to tourists, and local community participation to the growth of tourism activities in the region. The locals are encouraged to engage in the activities due to the accrued benefits in tourism activities. The decision to develop tourism activities in the area should focus on the locals’ benefits. The residents’ attitude towards tourists affects tourism development and is associated with cultural tourism. Promotion of tourism development in the city is done by offering quality products and services to tourists. The type of tourism development should be compatible with the local communities’ needs to maintain the suitability of the visitors’ activities. Some of the tourists visit the city due to the cultural diversity in the region. The importance of cultural diversity calls for the preservation of traditional beliefs and customs.

References

Alshboul, K. (2016). Assessing local community involvement in tourism development around a proposed world heritage site in Jerash, Jordan.

Kim, K., Uysal, M., & Sirgy, M. J. (2013). How does tourism in a community impact the quality of life of community residents? Tourism Management, 36, 527-540.

Piuchan, M., Chan, C. W., & Kaale, J. (2018). Economic and socio-cultural impacts of Mainland Chinese tourists on Hong Kong residents. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 39(1), 9-14.

Kreag (2001). The impact of tourism (PowerPoint slides). Retrieved from http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/tourism/pdfs/ImpactsTourism.pdf

Siu, G., Lee, L. Y., & Leung, D. (2013). Residents’ perceptions toward the “Chinese tourists’ wave” in Hong Kong: An exploratory study. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 18(5), 446-463.

Towoliu, B. I., Permana, D. E., & Sangari, F. (2020, August). Local Community Perception of China Ritual Attraction as the Icon of Tourism Cultural Heritage: The Case in China Village, Manado. In First International Conference on Applied Science and Technology (iCAST 2018) (pp. 8-13). Atlantis Press.

Li, Y. (2002). The impact of tourism in China on local communities. Asian Studies Review, 26(4), 471-486

Cole, S. (2006). Cultural tourism, community participation, and empowerment. Cultural tourism in a changing world: Politics, participation and (re) presentation, 89-103.

Song, X., Cheong, K. C., Wang, Q., & Li, Y. (2020). Developmental Sustainability through Heritage Preservation: Two Chinese Case Studies. Sustainability, 12(9), 3705.

Nguyen, T. H. H., & Cheung, C. (2016). Chinese heritage tourists to heritage sites: the effects of heritage motivation and perceived authenticity on satisfaction. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 21(11), 1155-1168.

Tian, D., Wang, Q., Law, R., & Zhang, M. (2020). Influence of Cultural Identity on Tourists’ Authenticity Perception, Tourist Satisfaction, and Traveler Loyalty. Sustainability, 12(16), 6344.

Yang, K. (2019). Tourism Development in China. 1013140/RG.2.2.12432.76803.

Yang, H., Chan, G. C. S., & Li, W. (2017). Tourism impacts the quality of life in Hong Kong. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 9(3), 103-112.

Liu, Y., Yang, L., & Chau, K. W. (2020). Impacts of tourism demand on retail property prices in a shopping destination. Sustainability, 12(4), 1361.

Zhang, H., Cho, T., Wang, H., & Ge, Q. (2018). The influence of cross-cultural awareness and tourist experience on authenticity, tourist satisfaction, and acculturation in World Cultural Heritage Sites of Korea. Sustainability, 10(4), 927.

Michael, M. (2009). Community involvement and participation in tourism development in Tanzania. Victoria University of Wellington.

Appendix

Questionnaire

Dear respondent, we invite and thank you for participating in the study. The study aims to foster better product and service delivery in the tourism industry, which will benefit both the host and the visitors. The kind provides the best response to enable the research team to reflect on what influences tourism in reality. The team assures confidentiality of your response, and kindly feel free to respond to the following questionnaire.

Section 1: Personal information

Q1: Gender

□ Male □ Female

Q2: Age bracket

□ <18 □ 20-30 □ 30-40 □ 40-50 □ 50-60 □ >60

Q3: Are you employed?

□ Yes □ No

Section 2: Questions based on tourism activities

Q4: I am

□ Tourist □ Host

Q5: What attracts you most to visit the city?

Cultural behavior and customs of the locals
Goods and service produced by the locals
Landscape and natural resources

Q6: How frequently have you been visiting the city?

First time
Second time
Third time
More than three times

Q7: What are your favorite means of transport?

Private cars
Through travel agency
Corporate organization
Others

Q8: Kindly indicate your response to the questions in the table below.

	Strongly Disagree [1]	Disagree [2]	Neutral [3]	Agree [4]	Strongly Agree [5]
Shopping malls in the city are accessibly located.
Shopping hours are convenient with my plan.
Goods and Services locally produced are of high quality.
Locals and honest and hospitable
Local communities should preserve their traditional styles and customs.
I feel that the host and the guest should interact freely.
I feel that eco-tourism should be encouraged.

Q9: According to you, what should the locals do to encourage tourism activities in the city?

Q10: How would you rate your overall experience in the city like a tourist?

Very satisfied
Somewhat satisfied
Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied
Somewhat dissatisfied
Very dissatisfied

Section 3: To be asked by the local communities in the city.

Q11: According to you. What is the most influential impact on your life that has been affected by tourism activities in the city?

Socio-cultural beliefs
Economic impact

Q12: How does the aspect chosen in Q11 affect you?

Q13: Should tourism activities be encouraged in the city?

Strongly agree
Agree
Neither agree nor disagree.
Disagree
Strongly disagree