Caregivers
| Author, years | Purpose of the study | Study design, sample method, and size | Data collection | Main findings | Problems (critic) | Themes |
| (Ho, Chiang, Leung, and Ku, 2018) | To examine the lived experiences of FDHs working with older people living in the community of Hong Kong. | The study uses Heideggerian (1927/2008) hermeneutic phenomenology.
The study used van Manen methods for data collection and analysis.
The sample included 11 female FDHs, aged between 27 and 57, with 2 to 15 years of experience in caring for older people.
Sampling included voluntary recruitment. | Interviews lasting between 60 to 120 minutes were conducted.
Interviews were conducted using unstructured questions.
| Most FDHs transitioned from the performance of tasks in exchange for money to forming genuine relationships of companionship with the older adults under their care.
FDHs, as women, were able to perceive care as rewarding in the sense of feeling that they were giving to others and learning from the experience. | This study involved only female FDHs, and, therefore, might not be applicable to male FDHs, who make up only 2% of caregivers in Hong Kong.
Future researchers need to consider structural and cultural differences when applying the findings to other countries. | Inescapable functioning commodity.
Destined reciprocity of companionship.
Waxing and waning of the possibilities of commodified companionship.
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| (Sousa, Sequiera, Ferre-Grau, Neves, Lleixa-Fortuno, Monteiro, Meireles, Pinto, Gomes, 2017) | to describe the randomized control trial protocol that will assess the effectiveness of the training program for family caregivers who care for people with dementia at home “Living together with Dementia.” | The study is structured in the form of a randomized control trial with 2 follow-ups.
Inclusion criteria required participants: (a) To be the primary caregiver of the person with dementia in early or moderate stages; (b) to be literate; (c) to be motivated to participate in the program, and (d) to reside in Porto
Exclusion criteria disqualified participants if: (a) the target population of care does not have dementia in an early or moderate stage, and (b) the person with dementia suffers from other severe mental pathology.
The first 12 selected were integrated into the experimental group.
| The data collection methods include: a survey containing sociodemographic data
use of the: (a) Caregiver Burden Scale, (b) Caregiver Assessment Satisfaction Index (c) Caregiver Assessment Difficulties Index. | Due to the increase in the number of people with dementia, many families are forced to cope with a set of cognitive and behavioral changes for which they are not qualified. This triggers overload and emotional burnout for the family caregiver.
In Portugal, there are no validated and systematically implemented training programs for family caregivers of people with dementia living at home. | The main limitation of the study is the reduced dimension of the sample. | Dementia syndrome.
Training programs for family caregivers. |
| (Ostbye, Malhotra, Malhotra, Arambepola, Chan, 2013) | To assess the instrumental support from a foreign domestic worker (FDW) as a moderator of the association of 4 types of impairments (physical function, memory, behavior, and mood) among older persons (OPs) with caregiving-related outcomes among their informal caregivers (CGs) | The study used a modified version of the Caregiver Reaction Assessment (CRA) to assess the impact of caregiving in four domains: disturbed schedule and poor health, lack of finances, lack of family support, and CG esteem.
Linear regression models were developed for each CRA domain.
The sample included 1,190 Singaporeans aged 75 and older receiving human assistance for functional limitations and their Caregivers. | Data from the Singapore Survey on Informal Caregiving (SSIC) was used. | Foreign domestic workers are associated with better caregiving outcomes.
The number of FDWs in Singapore is likely to increase due to a large number of an aging population
The increase in FDWs has policy implications for (a) immigration patterns into Singapore and (b) training of and support networks for FDWs. | The data gathered for the survey were based on self-reporting and may therefore not be completely accurate
| Foreign domestic workers.
Training of caregivers.
Social support for the elderly. |
| (Jansen, van Hout, Nijpels, Rijmen, Droes, Pot, Schellevis, Stalman, Marwijk, 2011) | To compare the effects of case management and usual care among community-dwelling older adults with early symptoms of dementia and their primary informal Caregivers | The study design includes Randomized controlled trials with random assignment of participants to either case management by district nurses or usual care.
measurements were taken at baseline and after 6 and 12 Months.
Participants included 99 pairs of community-dwelling older adults with dementia symptoms and their primary informal caregivers | The study used the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline (IQCODE) | Linear mixed model analyses used in the study showed no statistically significant and clinically relevant differences over time between the group under regular care and those under the care of district nurses.
The study showed no benefits of case management for older adults with dementia symptoms and their primary caregivers | The study was structured to detect a large effect, but not to detect a small effect.
The sample size calculations were based on suboptimal data as data for the required target group was lacking.
The calculations done were based on dichotomized sum-scores on the SCQ instead of non-dichotomized sum-scores on the three subscales of the SCQ | Dementia syndrome
Case management of patients and caregivers
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