Case Study: Mr. C
Mr. C is a 32-year-old male seeking information about possible bariatric surgery for his obesity disease. Currently, Mr. C feels that his body weight has drastically increased to high levels, which is risky for his health. In the last two-three years, Mr. C’s body weight has increased by approximately 100 pounds. Considering that Mr. C is still young, a weight gain of 100 pounds has caused him to seek information at an outpatient-center. From the previous medical evaluations. Mr. C has not diagnosed with any metabolic disease. However, from the previous evaluations, Mr. C has been indicated signs of sleep apnea. Also, Mr. C has been diagnosed with high blood pressure previously, which he controls by restricting sodium diet. In the last six months, Mr. C has experienced shortness of breath with activity and swollen ankles. Mr. C has a weight of 134.5 kilograms and total cholesterol of 250mg/dl. After the clinical test, Mr. C indicates signs of obesity, which require effective interventions to avoid deterioration of his health condition.
Obesity disease is linked to various health risks. Previously, Mr. C had been diagnosed with high blood pressure. Obesity can increase Mr. C’s blood pressure to abnormal values, which is risky. Obesity is associated with stroke and heart disease (Frank, Palmer & Clegg, 2019). Clinical tests indicate that Mr. C has high cholesterol levels in his blood. A cholesterol level of 200 milligrams per deciliter is considered a standard for healthy adults. Since Mr. C’s cholesterol level is 250 milligrams per deciliter, it has exceeded the standard levels. High cholesterol in the blood is associated with overweight patients. The presence of excess cholesterol in the blood exposes Mr. C to a risk of coronary disease. Obesity has caused Mr. C to have breathing difficulties, which can expose him to sleeping apnea. Bariatric surgery is a type of weight-loss surgery that is appropriate in Mr. C’s obesity condition. Mr. C has indicated signs of extreme obesity with other health conditions such as high blood pressure and sleep apnea. As a result, a sudden decrease in his weight is necessary that can only be achieved by bariatric surgery rather than regular exercise procedures.
Mr. C is aware of his overweight condition. However, from the functional health patterns, Mr. C does not manage his obesity condition by performing daily physical exercises. Mr. C reveals that he is suffering from sleep apnea. Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) is useful in treating sleep apnea (Ohayon, Profant, & Milesi, 2018). However, Mr. C does not use CPAP to manage sleep apnea. Mr. C s not capable of performing a physical activity exercise. Once he tries to exercise, he experiences shortness in breathiness. Health perception is essential in functional health patterns. Mr. C has a perception that bariatric surgery is the most suitable medical intervention for his condition. The perception might affect the effectiveness of any other intervention rather than bariatric surgery that may be prescribed by the doctor. In the part of sexuality-reproductive, Mr. C is not yet married, hence he lacks family support.
End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) is an advanced stage of kidney failure, where the kidneys are no longer able to meeting body needs (Galindo, 2018). Generally, the role of kidneys is to filter excess fluids and waste from the blood. The waste and the excess fluids filtered are then excreted as a form of urine. If the kidneys are not capable of performing the filtering functions, excess fluids and wastes can accumulate in the body. High blood pressure and diabetes are the major contributors to End-Stage Renal Disease. Both of these two health conditions can be caused by obesity disease. Diabetes affects the blood sugar levels, which increases the kidney filtering activity, resulting in ESRD.
Shortness of breath and swollen ankles are the primary symptoms of End-Stage Renal Disease (Galindo, 2018). Mr. C has experienced both of these symptoms in the last six months. After fasting, normal blood sugar levels should be around 100 mg/dl. However, after fasting, Mr. C’s blood sugar level stood at 146 mg/dl, which indicates kidney dysfunction. Therefore, Mr. C can be diagnosed with ESRD, which calls for effective health restoration procedures. Adoption of a healthy lifestyle is essential in the prevention of ESRD. For instance, maintaining standard bodyweight through daily physical exercises is one step towards living a healthy lifestyle. Eating-nutritious diet with low-sodium foods is helpful in the prevention of ESRD. Blood pressure is a major contributor to ESRD. Therefore, individuals should be educated on blood pressure control measures to prevent ESRD.
Dialysis and kidney transplant are two methods for nonacute care for patients with ESRD. Through dialysis, a special machine is used to carry out most of the kidney functions. In kidney transplants, ESRD patients’ kidneys are replaced with healthy kidneys. However, dialysis and transplants result in high healthcare costs and high hospitalization rates. Multidisciplinary approaches provide better health care for ESRD patients. In multidisciplinary approaches, nurses, pharmacists, physicians, and social workers combine efforts in caring for ESRD patients. Treatment options education is an example of a multidisciplinary approach that educates and prepares patients for the treatment method to be adopted. Dietary counseling is a form of a multidisciplinary approach that is cost-effective. Multidisciplinary approaches are associated with improved health outcomes among ESRD patients.
References
Frank, A. P., de Souza Santos, R., Palmer, B. F., & Clegg, D. J. (2019). Determinants of body fat distribution in humans may provide insight about obesity-related health risks. Journal of lipid research, 60(10), 1710-1719
Galindo, R. J., Pasquel, F. J., Tsegka, K. G., Cardona, S., Dhruv, N., Vellanki, P., … & Wang, H. (2018). Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes in Patients Admitted with Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) and End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD).
Ohayon, M., Profant, J., Gibson, S., & Milesi, C. (2018). Use of Stimulants and Continuous Positive Airway Pressure in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea from a Large Claims Dataset. In A38. UNDERSTANDING CARE DELIVERY AND OUTCOMES IN OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA (pp. A1494-A1494). American Thoracic Society.