Difficulties related to Donation of Human Organ
Human organ transplants and donations have indicated crucial medical procedures that have played a role in the lives of many victims of the terminal in delicate capabilities, but essential organs for ordinary life. In the reports of Leeds University’s medical students on the survey of views, awareness, and understanding concerning the transplant and donation of organs. (Bedi et al. 2015) held that the success and advancement of the transplant of kidney in the year 1954 in Boston gave courage to departments of ODT in serving patients with organs that are damaged through transplant advancement and expansion of organ donation. Bell (2003) as well discovered that the successful transplant of organs associated with several techniques of medicine for the maintenance of life concerning malfunction of the organ has generated a higher organ demand. On the other hand, transplant and donation of organs present several disturbing developments related to this clinical process, the effects and causes which the paper will address.
Thesis statement
There are enormous difficulties related to the selling of human organs. Throughout the process of exchange, the seller benefits because numerous organs that are typically sold are not in good condition, and it is unfair to individuals who cannot afford the price. This results in an essential debate as a person’s lives are in danger. The best and appropriate policy to curb this menace is to have the selling of human organs authorized. Authorizing the procedure to acquire the body parts sold in a regulated and ethical way is vital because many lives will be saved. This strategy would provide the most excellent solution because the sales will be conducted in a proper and more controlled manner. As a result of the illegalization of human organism selling, the business has been progressing in dock rooms in an improper and unethical way. There are numerous negatives associated with the human organisms selling due to the illegalization of the process even though many persons treat this subject as with multiple positives. One of the most considerable shortcomings for having the process illegalized is that the poor are suffering and are taken for advantage; their body parts removed and get sold.
An Overview of the Requirement for Transplant and Donation of Organs and the Processes
The transplant and donations of body organs are clinical doctors’ and donors’ actions to serve numerous individuals’ lives with the failures of their most crucial organs. Abouna (2008) discovered the following class of donors: donors with infection, split-liver transplant, non-heart-beating donors, and donors with comprehensive cold ischemia, diabetic donors, pediatric donors, and elderly donors. In his research to try and find out the current rampant crisis of inadequacy in the supply of human organs and identify possible answers and problems thereof. He revealed that organs transplant demand had soared very quickly due to the developing failure incidences of the most important human organs. These organs include the kidney, heart, and liver. However, the inadequacy in organ donation, which initiates from two major sources-the the deceased and living donor is said to be insufficient because of the lack of awareness of the donor. The live donors as well refuse intentionally for the sake of their lives, lack of permission of the deceased relatives, or lack of organ donation knowledge. (Anker, et al. 2009) consequently, cautioned persons for the insufficient donation of organs, and whereas exemplifying with the U.S, disclosed that this country currently faces a looming inadequacy of the donation of human body parts.
On the other hand, albeit this insufficient, though, there should be several cautions administrations and recommendations of ODT, which following (Anker et al. 2009) rest on the care of professional personnel. Several of those who are charged with proper identification of potential donors at the time of deaths through the permission from relatives of the deceased or live donor, whereas the authorities of the hospital alert the organization of organ procurement about the looming deaths. Keeping in mind the problems related to transplant and donation of organs as narrated in this article, the experts are striving to educate and sensitize the public about the sacrificial, importance, and importance donors’ decisions. One of the critical concerns should be to lower the problem and or unintended consequences associated with procedures of organ donation and transplant.
Problems Related to Organ Transplant and Donation
Generally, the difficulties related to the transplant and donations of human body parts incorporate a wide variety of significant side influences and causes of the post and pre-surgical experiments, which are associated with the practical, professional, or theoretical factors. In contrast, others might be attributed to common issues of health for the duration of post organ implant, cultural, religious, social, and ethical affiliations. The difficulties of theoretical are related to anxiety, which is regarded as an experience of an instant nervousness, and harm that is associated with fearing on eventualities and unknown, all of which are related to the donation of organs and blood, following Manolis and Wagner (2012). The professional and practical ones, however, may be accredited to post-surgery recuperation repercussions from anesthesia. Which incorporates sore throats due to insertion of the tube of breathing, reactions of medicinal allergic, potential infection risk during the introduction of systems of I.V, pneumothorax, and dangers of death because of errors in surgery, or lung and heart difficulties, unidentified blood infected with HIV and many other risks not mentioned. Whereas the issues of common health at the time of post organ implants, the psychological ones are frequently depression and anxiety, others are naturally clinical, and consist of high cholesterol, sexual malfunctions, gout, and high blood pressure. There as well numerous and different religious, societal, and ethical affiliations that rely on the operational environments and circumstances.
From the highlights mentioned above, therefore, there exist difficulties related to the transplant, and donations of human body parts are genuine. Persons should not take them for granted, particularly with the increasing requirement for the transplant of the human organs in contrast to the chain of supply. According to Abouna, the occurrence renal malfunction in Canada and the United States amounted to 160 and 140 per million victims annually whereas the supply from the deceased donors was only 20-25 per each million annually; the renal malfunction in Europe per each one million victims annually contrasted to the chain of supply of only 15 to 22 victims per a million every year. There are many other such sad cases in different parts of the world; this is only a few.
Possible Solutions for the Difficulties related to Donation and Transplant of Human Body Parts
The most crucial matter as regards the difficulties related to the donation of human body parts no longer lies in the cultural, ethical, professional, or theoretical factors, but on the insufficient chain of supply of the needed body parts. Inadequate supply of body parts solitary has consequently resulted in severe and increased matters together with the factors mentioned above, whose attention requires to be concentrated on for efficient solutions. On the other hand, we will not recognize and document all potential solutions to attend to these plethoras of difficulties. Still, we will focus only on ordinary consideration of the unifying or universal ones related to the decreased human body parts for carrying out donations and transplants. As there are diverse types of human body parts implants and gifts, and additionally to the ordinary consideration, the examination for the potential solutions to these difficulties will put attention on the implant of breast surgeries to serve as a typical example.
The Common consideration and implant of Breast utilizing Breast Reconstruction that is Implant-based
As the common problem recognized above in the article was an insufficient supply of body organs, Abouna realized eight solutions to reduce the gap. It includes the initiation of educational programs in health centers, utilizing the criteria of extended donor suitably, and the strategy of presumed donor permission should be respected. He as well encouraged the use of numerous life donors, donation of paired organs, implementation of the gifts for the relatives of the living and deceased donors, a humane way of donating organs to be encouraged from living non-related donors. He finalized by saying that the finance system compensations should be adequately controlled.
As a result of these suggestions, therefore, Abouna was capable of identifying that the hospital educational programs resulted in an increased donation of organs in Europe by 35%. in utilizing the extended or marginal strategy; however, numerous centers discarded those body parts. In which for example, approximately 1200 kidneys of ECD, 255 hearts, and 550 livers were trashed in the United States alone from 2001 to 2003. Also, in the elderly donors, around 130 implants of liver were conducted successfully, which was an 88% rate of survival; the pediatric donors aged 1 to 6 years indicated a 93% rate of survival. The survival rate for non-heart-beating donors ranged from 55 to 75% in one year, and the DBD body parts showing the percentage of survival of 70 to 90%.
Another development was identified, (Arthur et al. 2003) recognized that clinical usage of “laparoscopic nephrectomy lessens the difficulties of pain than the conventional open nephrectomy” (p.831).
In the meantime with the repair of breast matters, (Barr et al. 2016) in their research to review on avoidance of potential infection for the duration of surgical treatment of post-breast implant, they as well discovered a significant increase of infection complications because of the surging utilization of the transplant-based breast reconstruction. Providentially, in their research and review, they recognized that a preventative usage of perioperative antibiotics to be applied before the rebuilding of Breast in the surgical process. That is, implant-based would put off the respective victim from potential post-breast surgery experiments. To be on the better side of the assurance and equation concerning the reconstruction of Breast by utilizing the implant-based repair of Breast following (Barr et al. 2016) present a set of guidelines of pragmatic to the surgical process of perioperative.
Conclusion
Besides the results that are encouraging of the implant and donation of human body parts endeavors in lives serving, there still exist difficulties associated with these practices that are not supposed to take for granted. The problems are related to professional, practical, or technical factors; religious, cultural, social, and ethical affiliation. On the other hand, discoveries have revealed that the most unifying and appealing difficulties related to the implant and donations of human body parts have been the insufficient supply of body parts as contrasted with the requirement for the implants. Several of the solution to fight this inadequacy of body parts incorporate but not limited to generation of programs of sensitization awareness such as hospital education programs in health centers, acceptance of acknowledged permission, and growth of a kind system of body parts implant and donation.
References
Abouna, G. M. (2008). Organ shortage crisis: problems and possible solutions. Transplant Proceedings, 40(1), 34 – 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2007.11.067 Anker, A. E., Feeley, T. H., Friedman, E., & Kruegler, J. (2009). Teaching organ and tissue donation in medical and nursing education: A needs assessment. Progress in Transplantation (PROG TRANSPLANT), 19(4), 343 – 348. Retrieved from https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx? direct=true&db=ccm&AN=105259678&site=eds-live&scope=site
Anker, A. E., Feeley, T. H., Friedman, E., & Kruegler, J. (2009). Teaching organ and tissue
donation in medical and nursing education: A needs assessment. Progress in
Transplantation (PROG TRANSPLANT), 19(4), 343 – 348. Retrieved from
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&
db=ccm&AN=105259678&site=eds-live&scope=site
Arthur, J. M., Stephen, T. B., Alan, B. L., & Francis L. D. (2003). Morbidity and mortality after
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Barr S. P. et al. (2016). Review: Infection prevention in breast implant surgery – A review of the medical evidence, guidelines, and a checklist. The North West Breast Research Collaborative, United Kingdom, 42(5), 591 – 603. doi:10.1016/j.ejso.2016.02.240
Bedi K. K., et al. (2015). Surveys of the knowledge, perception, and attitude of medical students
at the University of Leeds toward organ donation and transplant. Transplant Proceedings,
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http://dx.doi.org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2014.11.033
Bell, M. D. D. (20030. Non-heart beating organ donation: Old procurement strategy – new ethical problems. J Med Ethics, 29, 176 – 181. doi:10.1136/jme.29.3.176
Wagner, T. R., & Manolis, C. (2012). The fear associated with blood and organ donation: An explication of fright and anxiety. Progress in Transplantation, 22(2), 200 – 206. doi:http://dx.doi.org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.7182/pit2012467