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Disease

Endocrinal diseases

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Endocrinal diseases

Polycystic ovary

syndrome

Polycystic ovary

syndrome (PCOS) is a disorder that affects females in the reproductive age. The

condition is highly prevalent amongst older women, though it also occurs in

teenagers and young adults. In PCOS, the ovaries generate a lot of androgens (a

male hormone), an aspect considered the condition’s first sign. Hence, the

ovarian cells get filled with fluids, cysts, causing their enlargement and

inability to produce ova (eggs). The historical examination comprises

information on weight gain and changes in the menstrual cycle. A physical

investigation will include checking for acne, insulin resistance, and excess

hair growth. Symptoms of the disease include enlarged ovaries, missed, light or

irregular periods, and skin tags (Franks, 2018).

Thin or dark skin

patches at the back of the neck and weight gain around the belly are also

symptoms of the disease. The risk factors are infertility, uterine cancer, type

2 diabetes, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, and hypertension. Additional

examinations comprise blood tests to measure, hormone, glucose, and cholesterol

levels. An ultrasound may also be conducted to outline the uterine membrane

thickness and ovary appearance. Drugs like Clomiphene, Metformin, and

Letrozole, which sensitize insulin, also get administered. (Franks, 2018). In

reducing hair growth, a doctor may recommend Spironolactone and Eflornithine.

Lifestyle changes in managing the disease include weight loss with moderate

exercise and low-calorie diet.

Leiomyomata (uterine

fibroids)

Uterine fibroids are

regular, non-cancerous growths present in the uterine walls. Ovarian hormones

and individual generic make-up are some of the presumed causes of the disease.

Fibroids are often detected during the regular pelvic examinations. The

symptoms get depicted depending on the types of fibroid. For instance,

submucosal fibroids present through heavy or prolonged periods with cases of

clots leading to cramps (Mettler et al., 2017). Subserosal and intramural

fibroids cause chronic pressure, lower back pain, frequent urination, pain

during sex, and pelvic ache. Risk factors of fibroids include high blood

pressure, obesity, vitamin D deficiency, family history of the disease, and

intake of soybean milk.

In diagnosing the

disease, tests like ultrasound and complete blood count can get conducted.

Additional criteria include hysteroscopy, Contrast hysterosonography,

Hysterosalpingography, and Magnetic resonance imaging are used to diagnose the

condition. A permanent solution in treating fibroids is total hysterectomy.

However, simpler mediums would include the administration of birth control

pills like Synarel and Lupron. Endometrial ablation can also become used to

reduce excessive bleeding alongside Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

agonists (Mettler et al., 2017).

Endometritis

Endometritis is an

inflammatory condition that affects the uterine lining, identified through a

pelvic examination. Causes include tuberculosis, Sexually Transmitted

Infections like gonorrhea and chlamydia. Infection following the regular vaginal

bacteria mix-up may also cause Endometritis. Risk factors are uterine

scrapping, hysteroscopy, and Intrauterine Device placement (Valbuena Perilla,

2017). The symptoms comprise fever, abnormal vaginal bleeding and discharge,

constipation, and pelvic pain. Bowel movement discomfort and abdominal swelling

are also symptoms of the disease.

Regarding diagnosis, the

doctor conducts a physical and pelvic examination in the cervix, uterus, and

abdomen for discharge or tenderness. Endometrial biopsy, laparoscopy, or using

a microscope to check the release can also get used, alongside a blood test.

The blood tests include the White Blood Cell count. Erythrocyte Sedimentation

Rate tests can also get conducted. Primarily, Endometritis gets treated using

antibiotics, tissue removal, treating the abscess, and intravenous fluids in

severe or complicated cases (Valbuena Perilla, 2017).

Adenomyosis

In Adenomyosis, cells

growing outside the uterine lining curves or grows towards the muscles of the

uterus. The risk factors of the disease become lined with age as it gets

experiences among women aged 40-50 years. Additional risks include uterine

surgery and pregnancy. Symptoms include heavy mensuration that also occurs

between periods and pelvic pain. Bowel movement difficulties and pain during

sex are also manifestations of the disease (Berlanda et al., 2015). The uterus

may also become tender and enlarged alongside worsening crumps.

Diagnosis occurs through

an ultrasound, MRI, and endometrial biopsy. Extra examinations may also include

viewing the uterus through a microscope. In treatment, one can receive

anti-inflammatory drugs like ibuprofen. Others include hysterectomy, injectable

medications, and hormonal medications. The hormonal therapies comprise

contraceptive pills Depo-Provera injections, progestin Intrauterine Device.

However, the disease is not life-threatening and disappears after a woman

attains menopause (Berlanda et al., 2015).

 

References

Berlanda, N., Buggio,

L., & Vercellini, P. (2015). Current Treatment for

Adenomyosis. Uterine Adenomyosis, 169-182. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13012-5_12

Franks, S. (2018).

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Encyclopedia

of Endocrine Diseases, 451-

  1. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.03910-6

Mettler, L.,

Deenadayal-Mettler, A., & Alkatout, I. (2017). Uterine Fibroids and Effect

on

Fertility. Uterine

Fibroids, 49-86. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58780-6_2

Valbuena Perilla, D.

(2017). Sensibility and specificity of the molecular vs. classical

diagnosis of chronic Endometritis. https://doi.org/10.26226/morressier.5912d9e9d462b80292386d99

 

 

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