Endocrine Pathophysiology
Introduction
Endocrine disorders relate to the diseases affecting the endocrine glands of the body and relates to the proper functioning of thyroid, pancreas, adrenal and pituitary glands. However, diabetes presents the most pervasive endocrine disorder that most people suffer and thus informs this study. From the case study, AM suffers from type 1 diabetes owing to the age as well as the symptoms shown from the complication. Type 1 diabetes occurs when immune systems of the body destroy the cells making insulin thus limiting the movement of glucose into the cells (Korsgren et al, 2012). Offsetting such, a problem will require understanding the body requirements of sugars to inform sufficient dosage of insulin to regulate sugar levels. In this document, our focus is on the diabetes status of AM basing on its pathophysiology, etiology, clinical manifestations and treatments.
Pathophysiology
Type 1 diabetes in AM involves the destruction of beta cells from the islets of Langerhans thus limiting the secretion of insulin. The decline in the mass of beta cells results to inadequacy in insulin secretion to a point where there is limited maintenance of blood sugar levels. Diabetes type 1 is a slow process occurring due to continuous immunological damage by provision of an environmental trigger to cause insulitis. The process lasts for months or years and includes the spread of islet cell antibodies which is present in 85% of patients during diagnostics. The clinical symptoms of the disease often develop after 80% destruction of pancreatic beta cells (Korsgren et al, 2012). At this time, the demand for insulin is increases significantly. Generally, environmental and environmental factors may have contributed to manifestation of the pathophysiology of the disease to manifest in AM.
Etiology of MA condition
The two significant factors attributed to the etiology of type 1 diabetes are genetic and environmental factors. The bacteria enter the ductal system of the pancreas in AM encountering the pancreatic juice to create an environment for bacterial manifestations. The pancreatic juice contains antibacterial effects that spearhead the release of substances such as lipoteichoic acid, lipopolysaccharides and several toxins that work to stimulate the progression of the diabetes complications (Korsgren et al, 2012). The genetic factors also contribute to the etiology of this disorder. There exist rare monogenic forms in single genes due to mutational defects that results due to a disruption in regulatory pathways. For this reason, 80% of children that develop autoimmune diabetes die at early ages due to such autoimmunity (Korsgren et al, 2012). The other aspect is the HLA genotype that confers increased risk, more prominent due to periods of rapid growth that reduces the number of papilla vateri. This explains why type 1 diabetes are taller, have more body weight and increased BMI. Additionally, toxicity resulting from the cytokine also contributes to the development of type 1 diabetes being that the beta cells in humans are vulnerable to pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Clinical manifestations
The possible manifestations likely be more prominent in AM include increased thirsts and frequent urination. The extra sugar in blood due to limited insulin intake from AM will lead to urge for water to dilute the excess sugars present in the blood. Secondly, there is unintended loss of weight, frequent urination takes out the useful calories for the body thus limiting nutrients to build the body. Third, we have frequent infections in the skin or the urinary tract that may lead to pain during urination or contact (Hacket, 2003). Finally, there is blurry vision, the high levels of glucose causes the lenses of the eye to swell thus interfering with sight. However, the vision may worsen or improve based on the fluctuations in blood sugar.
Expected treatments
One of the most conventional techniques is taking insulin, this is administered through injections or an insulin pump to increase the possibility of blood sugar regulation in the blood stream. This treatment is often effective as it has direct effects on the blood stream thus faster remedy. Second is the use of high blood pressure medications. This follows the doctors’ prescriptions necessary for the maintenance of healthy kidneys (Hacket, 2003). Medication also involve the use of cholesterol lowering drugs being that the heart related diseases tend to be pervasive in people with diabetes complications. Therefore, low-density lipoprotein is supposed to be below 100mg/dl in women and 40mg/dl in men levels that are critical for diabetes patients. Finally, medications is also attributed to diet, where low fat, high fiber and nutritious foods such as vegetables and fruits are important. In addition, dosage of aspirin is required to protect the heart from effects.
Conclusion
The text highlights type 1 diabetes as the most probable complication that AM from the case study suffers from. It pathophysiology shows that there is a reduction in the number of beta cells in the islets of Langerhans thus jeorpadizing the production of insulin. On etiology, the text establishes that environmental and genetic factors are the major contributors to its development. There is also the aspect of clinical manifestations that include constant urination and sweat, blurred vision, infection on the skin and fatigue. The final component is the treatment where insulin administration, cholesterol lowering, high blood pressure and aspirin lowering medications are presented as the best medication techniques for AM.
References
Korsgren, S., Molin, Y., Salmela, K., Lundgren, T., Melhus, A., & Korsgren, O. (2012). On the etiology of type 1 diabetes: a new animal model signifying a decisive role for bacteria eliciting an adverse innate immunity response. The American journal of pathology, 181(5), 1735–1748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.07.022
Hackett, E. (2003). Prescribing options for treating people with diabetes mellitus. Nurse Prescribing, 1(1), 15-20.