Evaluation of Metabolic Pathways
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Evaluation of Metabolic Pathways
Question 1a
Metabolism consists of total chemical reactions that occur within a cell and hence interlink and connect in a sequence of pathways. Metabolism aims at striking a balance in the breakdown and construction of molecules within the body (Fowler & Roush et al., 2013). Thus, metabolic pathways are porous ways in which substances such as proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates enter from other pathways and leave for different pathways that are not closed. Also, several products in a given specific path tend to be reactants within other routes’ frame.
Question 1b
One of the metabolic pathways is glycolysis. A primary polymer of glucose as glycogen, which most stores energy in animals. When there is adequate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) present, the excess amount of glucose present is often converted in the form of glycogen for storage. The muscle and the liver act as significant glycogen storage components (Potapova & Gorbsky, 2017). Further, the glycogen movement out of storage is prompted by falling levels of blood sugar level. Likewise, glycogen availability in muscle cells as a source of glucose permits ATP to be generated for an elongated time frame, mostly in exercise.
Additionally, sucrose, a form of a disaccharide, is mostly broken down within the small intestine area where fructose and glucose are taken up separately. Also, galactose, fructose, and glucose are three dietary monosaccharides often ingested directly in the bloodstream at the point of digestion. Most significantly, galactose and fructose catabolism generate an equal amount of ATP molecules the same as glucose.
Question 2a
Different tasks accomplished meiosis and mitosis as forms of nucleus division in eukaryotic cells. Mitosis tasks consist of the cell reproduction cycle, which results in identical daughter nuclei genetically identical to the original parent nucleus (Almeida & Lochner et al., 2016). Similarly, in mitosis, there is a balance in the quantity of chromosomes sets, which for both animals and plants is diploid cells and one in the case of haploid cells. On the other hand, meiosis consists of two nuclear divisions, which leads to four nuclei often partitioned in new sections equal to four. Again, the nuclei from the events of meiosis usually appear in non-identical genetically. Instead, they consist of one chromosome set only, which is half the original diploid cell.
Question 2b
Interphase is vital for various reasons preceding meiosis. The first phase is concerned with cell growth, S phase is concerned with chromosome replication of DNA, and the last stage where the cell goes through the final segment of preparation for meiosis.
Question 2c
A diploid cell is a hypothetical organism with 14 chromosomes. Therefore a sperm or section of this organism would consist of 28 chromosomes since diploid cells contain two chromosomes. In addition to fertilization, sexual reproduction entails nuclear division, which consists of meiosis (Li, Wei, & Yu, 2017).). The meiosis step is necessary since it limits the number of chromosomes essential for diploid cells to continue the reproduction cycle as they have to reduce their number. Ultimately, somatic cells, also referred to as body cells, are contained in many animals and plants with two chromosomes.
References
Almeida, L., Lochner, M., Berod, L., & Sparwasser, T. (2016, October). Metabolic pathways in T cell activation and lineage differentiation. In Seminars in immunology (Vol. 28, No. 5, pp. 514-524). Academic Press.
Potapova, T., & Gorbsky, G. J. (2017). The consequences of chromosome segregation errors in mitosis and meiosis. Biology, 6(1), 12.
Li, Z., Wei, J., & Yu, B. (2017). Analysis of interphase forces and investigation of their effect on particle transverse motion in particle-laden channel turbulence. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 88, 11-29.
Fowler, S., Roush, R., & Wise, J. (2013). Concepts of Biology. Openstax. Retrieved from: https://openstax.org/details/books/concepts-biology