Explain the three principles of Heraclitus’ philosophy
2 Explain the three principles of Heraclitus’ philosophy and give one argument incorporating the three principles that would put him on the ‘everything changes’ side of the fence, and one argument incorporating the three principles that would put him on the ‘at least one thing does not change’ side of the fence
Everything is continuously changing, Heraclitus believes that everything has to go, and nothing stays and comparing existents to the flow of a river. Heraclitus argues that you can only step twice, in other words, the water is always changing, and the creek stays the same. Different things are identical. Heraclitus believes in some unity of opposites for instance, “God is day night, winter summer, war peace, satiety hunger…” but looking not always at the same timey in question is not identity. Everything is not always at the same time; in other words, universal Flux and the identity of opposites entail a denial of the law of non-contraction. “Different waters flow in rivers staying the same.”
- Why is it impossible to gain faction knowledge? That is, explain the problem of ultimate justification
According to Epictetus, it is essential for living a good life than talking about it at any level. Difficulty during the start of an inquiry into a problem of good demonstration seems to be whether the demonstrations should be understood to be their justification or explanation. Through deep analysis upon explanation of precepts as contrasted with their justifications, we conclude that justifications are always incomplete. Moral precepts are “non-cognitive” at the bottom because of the incomplete justifications.
- In the allegory of the cave, what object does Plato use to describe the Good? Explain the four steps from ignorance to knowledge, i.e., how to get from imagination to intelligence?
“The most excellent people must follow the highest of all studies which are to behold the good” this quotations means that only a small number of prisoners are eligible for being free and that the good is a product of education and not part of the process
There are four specific symbols in the cave allegory. The symbols include the prisoner, the roadway, the fire, and the sun. The road has used the bridge between objects and the shadow of the objects. The pavement is used to separate what is real from what is projected. The sun represents the truth in philosophy and knowledge. Plato believed that everyone is capable of learning, but it all depends on whether the person desires to run a lot. The prisoner’s journey explains how a philosopher travels when trying to find out truth and wisdom. Step one-on this level a person uses images. Story guesses and opinions. Step two-during this step one is guided by practical common sense, and trial and error method. Step three-this is a theoretical, technical method trying to explain why things are the way they are. Step four- this is the philosophical approach, where theories are evaluated. Proper understanding.
- Give one argument/evidence that puts Socrates on the ‘everything changes’ side of the fence, and give one argument/evidence that puts Socrates on the ‘at least one thing does not change’ side of the fence.
Socrates argued that “an examined life is not worth living” Socrates always believed that a person lived to grow in every aspect, physically, spiritually, and philosophically. Socrates also makes another argument. “Sometimes ignorance is better than knowledge; precious knowledge is the knowledge of the good, an authoritative knowledge that will correctly advise us when to use other goods and skills in our possession.”
- In the Apology, how does Socrates defend himself against Meletus’ charges of corrupting the youth and of not believing in God?
Socrates enquires that if he is such a lousy influencer on the youth of Athens, what it that has a better influence is. Meletus responds that it’s the law that makes people suitable. Socrates tells Meletus to clarify to him on the kind of people that have this significant influence. Whose business is it to know the laws? Meletus responds that the jury is responsible for mastering the rules. Meletus claims that the whole population of Athens has a good influence of the youths except Socrates. Socrates draws an analogy with horses. Socrates argues that only a horse-trainer is capable of impacting positivity on the horse where else most people influence the horse negatively.
Meletus claims only people with bad moral like Socrates harm those in contact with him intentionally. Socrates responds to Meletus claiming that he cannot be such a fool to harm himself, because, by damaging the society he is also harming himself. Socrates claims that by a chance if he causes harm to the community, then it is unintentional. Socrates also argues that anyone who does harm unintentionally should be restricted and reproved, not being subjected to trials, and punishment.
Socrates also responds to claims that he does not believe in the gods of the state, meletus referring to it as a negative influence. Socrates responds to Meletus telling him that he confuses him with presocratic. Socrates tries to prove to Meletus that he is indeed a true believer in gods. Socrates suggests that it would be hard to believe in worldly matters without believing in the earth. According to Socrates, the only kind of supernatural beings are the gods and the children of the Gods.