Health care and life sciences

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Health care and life sciences

 

Course

Date

 

 

 

 

 

 

The case study/ diagnosis results eliminate anemia because the red blood cell count is within the normal range, as is the case with hemoglobin.

At rest, the heart rate is regular, although it goes to high levels upon doing exercise, near 200 beats per minute. To start with, one must look out for any cardiovascular or respiratory problem. It should be followed closely with measuring arterial P02, arterial PC02 percentage saturation for arterial hemoglobin.

Arterial PO2: less than 85 mmHg, it measures the amount of oxygen gas dissolved in the blood. It indicates the effectiveness of the lungs in obtaining oxygen from the atmosphere. If the PO2 is low, it suggests that the person is not getting enough oxygen, as evidenced in the respiratory problem.

Hemoglobin percent saturation: less than 90 percent, it measures the percentage of oxygen that binds to hemoglobin. At low partial pressure of oxygen, most of the hemoglobin is deoxygenated, as seen in this case.

Arterial PCO2: more than 45mmHg, PCO2 measures the amount of carbon dioxide within the arterial or venous blood. It indicates alveolar ventilation within the lungs. High values indicate a decrease in the ventilation rate, as seen in this case.

Arterial PO2: within the normal range of 80-100mmHg.It measures the volume of oxygen gas that is liquified in the body. It determines the lungs effectiveness in deriving oxygen into the body networks from the atmosphere; hence its levels are not affected by the functioning of the heart.

Arterial hemoglobin percent saturation: less than 90 percent, individuals with mild to moderate heart failure show decreased oxygen saturation, which indicates a reduction in the effectiveness of oxygen-carrying capacity.

Arterial PCO2: Less than 45mmHg, the presence of exercise in the cardiovascular problem leads to hypercapnia that causes hyperventilation causing less arterial carbon dioxide.

Exhaled PO2: It will be high than the normal range. Since the fresh oxygen will not get into the alveoli, it will be exhaled together with the oxygen remaining in the dead space, leading to ventilation-perfusion mismatch hence hypoxemia.

Alveolar PO2: It will be lower than the normal range because the alveolar will not be in a position to obtain fresh air from the respiratory bronchiole. If the bronchioles are blocked, as is the case of asthma, a low amount of oxygen will reach the lungs, which will result in respiratory failure. The lining of the bronchioles consists of specialized glands that secrete mucus, and in the event of the attack by mucus, bronchospasm takes place that results in the expansion. The fluid builds up hence constricting the airway further and thus constricting the airway further.

Arteriolar PO2: It will be lower than the normal range as there will be no oxygen that will reach the alveolar from the respiratory tract.

Exhaled PO2: It will be high than usual, ultimately leading to hypoxemia resulting in breathing difficulty and poor oxygenation of the blood, which arises due to the hypoventilation of the body, which leads to carbon dioxide retention.

Alveolar PO2: It will be high than expected, this is because a lot of oxygen will be concentrated in the alveolus as it fails to diffuse into the blood. It will cause pulmonary edema leading to pleural effusion. It can be managed by oxygen therapy and the administration of antibiotics.

Arterial PO2: It will be lower than the expected value because most of the oxygen will fail to diffuse across the alveolar membrane into the bloodstream. It is worth noting that fractional pressure of oxygen reproduces the quantity of liquified oxygen in the bloodstream; it is a good indicator of how effective the lungs can pull oxygen in the circulation from the atmosphere.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

References

Freeman, W. (2012). Physiological responses of asthmatics to endurance running (Doctoral dissertation, Loughborough University).

Krushinsky, L. V. (2011). Experimental studies of elementary reasoning: Evolutionary, physiological, and genetic aspects of behavior. International Journal of Comparative Psychology, 6(2).

Peters, M. M. (2010). Combined physiological effects of bronchodilators and hyperoxia on exertional dyspnoea in normoxic COPD. Thorax, 61(7), 559-567. Hough, A. (2001). Physiotherapy in respiratory care: An evidence-based approach to respiratory and cardiac management. Nelson Thornes.