History of Mongols
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The people of Mongols have a very long and outstanding history. The Mongols were under the Mongol Empire, founded by Genghis Khan in the year 1206, after uniting the Mongolian plateau’s nomadic communities and neighbors. The Mongols originated from the grassland of central Asia in the late 13th century. The climate in their habitat was harsh, reflecting their clothing of animal furs and sheep wool, which were warm and durable. They practiced nomadism and moved according to seasons living in temporary camps (Bulliet et al. 2018). They herded yaks, sheep, horses, and goats. The Mongols people have done extraordinary things that have never been done by other tribes before, and these things have never been done since. They built a random region in decades, which became so powerful unexpectedly. The Mongols had good learners and great engineers who transformed the world than any other superpower (May 2013). Mongols impacted world history with unique weapons to conquer other communities, lived a nomadic life and practiced trade, and were first to invent modern advertisement, which are positive changes in history
The Mongols used horses who would run a long distance at high speed instead of ships in conquering large bands of territory. Genghis Khan united them under their leader and forged into a vivid and offensive fighting force that moved in swift cavalry to conquer the known world. Marco Polo quoted that the Mongols had men who could conquer territories and overthrow kingdoms in hardship (Robinson 2020). They had little challenges in the running over Russia, unlike other tribes likes Hitler and Napoleon. The Mongols invaded Russia during the winter, which not easy during this time; their horses would pass through the ice-covered rivers. States like China were ruled out of power during this period that was hard to conquer previously. Empires like Arabs were magnificent heights, being the world’s supreme city until the Mongols period. Indians who were barely avoided got partly defeated by the Mongols. The hordes of Mongols who used superior strategies and tactics would run over Siberia’s cruel grasslands and Arabia’s hot lands. Neither did they care to pass through the empty savannahs of the plains of Burma.
The courageous hordes of Mongols, who usually in an army of 10,000 men, would run through China’s paddy pitches, passing through the Himalayas hill, which was an irrelevant hill as they were launching their naval attacks. These movements to the babble were usually directed by signals and messengers who were well organized. They grabbed half of Asia, threatened Europe, and made Russia and China part of its kingdom for two and one centuries, respectively (Christian 2018). The Mongols’ experienced horsemen and archers would use arrows to decimate rivals who packed themselves military in a phalanx. They would use lancers to chase their rivals who spread thinly.
The Mongols were very innovative so that they built a very professional force that was open-minded. They had well-informed engineers and artisans who assisted the hordes in attacking walled cities such as the Arabian, Chinese, and Persians. Their technological growth mostly happened as the results of their conquests. Their innovativeness played a key role in defeating their enemies in the Middle East. The use of spies and propaganda during their battle who were skillful contributed to their overwhelming success. Before making any attack, the Mongols usually asked a willing enemy to surrender and offered peace. In case the enemy surrendered willingly, the soldiers were often assimilated into the Mongol armies and treated as federates.
The Mongols’ nomadic life made them recognize the importance of trade, which they always favored; they had an optimistic attitude towards merchants and commerce. Their positive attitude towards trade facilitated contact with the Europeans and West Asia. This contributed to the beginning of a “global history.” They had a fantastic “free trade area” under the Mongol people that connected other parts of the world (Amitai et al. 2017). The Mongols trade grew, increasing the amount of paper money circulation in china and assured the worth of that money in valuable metals. Merchants were highly respected had had a higher status than they in China under the Mongol rule. By applying their innovativeness and technology, the Mongols built many roads partly to promote trade and used these roads to facilitate the Mongol’s rule over the Chinese.
The Mongols advisement in technology and innovativeness enabled them to establish a postal-station system that facilitated mails’ transmission from one part of their empire to another. The merchants also used this postal-station system during their travels to rest and secure supplies. In approximately every twenty miles, the Mongols established these stations along major trade routes whereby they stocked supplies of food and horses. Under the Mongols, the merchants did not face confiscatory taxation, unlike during the Chinese empires’ rule. They also spared teachers from taxation, who led the spreading of printing all over East Asia (Aigle 2014). In support of the merchants, the Mongols established a traders association known as Ortogh, specifically to promote convoy trade over long distances. Through the establishment of the Ortogh, the merchants could put their resources together to support a single caravan. In the caravans’ success, the profits would be shared and the losses in case of any risk. The Mongols had a system where they provided loans to Ortogh members under low-interest rates. Through this, the Mongols peace with other empires through “Pax Mongolica.” The Mongols offered security to merchants, having conquered many territories in Asia.
Although the Mongols’ conquests to other states sparked terror, these invasions had positive impacts in the long run. The Mongols introduced the Pax Mongolica, which acted as a peace tool among the neighboring communities. This enabled trading routes that linked states like China and Europe, promoting wealth along the trading routes. Regions like Central Asia became stable under the Pax Mongolica. Culture and trade interactions increased in this region, and more goods were traded. These interactions became more intensive and extensive. The writing system in Mongol helped in the rise of the educated class in Korea. Through the Pax Mongolica, the Mongols shared their advanced technology and innovativeness, encouraging cultural identity. Their fundamental technologies and ideas, for example, papermaking and printing, spread in Asia through silk Roads. Through this free trade, the Islamic traders spread the religion, helping to gain faith in the Eastern parts spreading from south Asia and across northern India (De Rachewiltz 2013). The introduction of paper money under the Pax Mongolica spread in other states eliminating artificial trade barriers. Finally, the Mongols contributed to introducing modern fighting tactics, which sparked a revolution in Europe fighting tactics and many other states.
Every individual action in life has done something that has consequences. The consequences can be positive or negative, depending on what is done. So, when one does something, he or she must live with the consequences. In my life, I have lived to know that vulnerable groups in society, such as orphans and the elderly, deserve help from people like us who are somehow privileged. Since my teen ages, I have known that there are people who need special attention from us even if they have not asked for help, like the elderly. I have lived to visit neighborhoods inhabited by lower-class older people and help them clean their houses and sometimes take their clothes to the laundry. Additionally, I have visited a children’s home with some foodstuffs to support them. At times I can buy some clothes and take them to the children. These actions of helping vulnerable groups within society have positively impacted my life as it has made me understand that people need help. Also, helping people has made me appreciate everybody in life.
References
Aigle, D. (2014). The Mongol Empire between myth and reality: Studies in anthropological history. Brill.
Amitai, R., & Morgan, D. O. (Eds.). (2017). The Mongol Empire and its legacy (Vol. 24). Brill.
Bulliet, R., Crossley, P., Headrick, D., Hirsch, S., & Johnson, L. (2018). The earth and its peoples: A global history. Cengage Learning.
Christian, D. (2018). A History of Russia, Central Asia, and Mongolia, Volume II: Inner Eurasia from the Mongol Empire to Today, 1260-2000. John Wiley & Sons.
De Rachewiltz, I. (2013). The Secret History of the Mongols, VOLUME 3 (Supplement): A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century. Brill.
May T. (2013). The Mongol conquests in world history. Reaktion Books.
Robinson, D. M. (2020). Empire’s Twilight: Northeast Asia under the Mongols. Brill.