IAV
- The decision about vaccine composition is made about eight months in advance of the start of the season. The selection of which vaccine virus to use may be a mountain task. Although the WHO recommends the viruses to be used in the vaccine, each country, based on its licensing, is solely responsible for which viruses to include in the composition of the flu vaccines. Availability of a good vaccine virus, as well as Genetic description, are key factors in determining which virus to include in the vaccine.
- The natural hosts of IAV may be traced from birds (Aves). The other probable animal is the swine for close to 100 years. H3 and N2 are the two AIV subtypes the vaccine is aiming at, of which six among the eight subtypes are shared. H3 and PB1 are new genomes not shared which originated from the Gene pool of members of class Aves
3.A pandemic may be defined as an epidemic that is geographically widespread across a region or the world. Since 1900, about four Influenza pandemics have been reported. These may have been caused by H1, N1, and N2 subtypes. The last three pandemics were characterized by the H1 genome whose background could not be traced.
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is caused by Betacoronavirus. Both SARS and Covid-19 invade the human cells through the Receptor Binding domains (RBD), the key entry point domain being PRRA.
- Pangolins were recognized as an intermediate host that causes SARS in the midst of the study on SARS. The Receptor Binding Motif is important in studying how betacoronavirus has evolved phylogenetically through the reconstruction of genomes with ancestral linkages. They hypothesized that different regions of the genome have distinct ancestral relationships. Moreover, between more distant sequences, similar substitution is repeatedly saturated, which can help in the analysis of both selective pressure and phylogeny. Further to this, there are different selective pressures at work in diverse lineages, which can be vital in the study of genetic inheritance.
- SARS-CoV_GZ02 represents the isolate that closely resembles the first Covid19 from Wuhan Province. A closer look at Fig 2a shows that Li et al. used Gene sequencing of various amino acids to develop the Receptor Binding motif, which formed the basis of their hypothetical analysis.
7.Purifying selection refers to a situation where genes are recombined to form restructured amino acids through insertion; thus, the new genomes bring about mutant forms of the genes. Li et al. summarized that the S2 subunit value is much lower than that of the S1 subunit, indicating that the regions with those specific viruses were under strong purifying selection within the Gene sequencing.
8.Viruses may recombine their genetic composition when closely related viruses invade various members of a species and adapt within them.