Speakers’ notes
SLIDE 2
An individualized healthcare plan is a plan of treatment developed by a nurse. It serves to resolve the disease process, sign, and symptoms. Since it is generated to suit specific individuals, it requires a full checkup of the history and then further nursing interventions and assessment of these interventions.
Emergency plans are tailored to whoever is next to the student and what to do next. It guides the person on how to act in an emergency.
Slide 3
Explains a sample template of individualized healthcare plans and emergency plan
Slide 4
Asthma is one of the two major COPD diseases. It occurs when an allergen that is others harmless is overacted tacked by the immune system, producing an inflammatory response that harms the patient. The inflammatory filtrate combines with the respiratory mucus and forms a blocking to air entry. The bronchospasms also occur secondary to histamine release from the mast cells.
Status asthmatics are the most complicated in asthma, where that results in severe dyspnea. The treatment given is aggressive and involves short-acting beta-agonists, antimuscarinics such as ipratropium bromide, and inhaled corticosteroids with active monitoring.
Slide 5
Most active nursing diagnosis involves ineffective breathing patterns due to bronchospasm and dyspnea.
Ineffective breathing pattern is marked by the signs of respiratory distress which are
nasal flaring, cyanosis (blue hands, lips or tongue due to decreased oxygen)
Use of accessory muscles of breathing and forced abdominal breathing
Wheezing sounds
These are assessed by the ability to talk fluently, without catching breath.
Fatigue due to lack of oxygen, which is used for aerobic production of energy.
Assess the respiratory rate and depths are crucial since the average respiratory rate is 20 breaths per minute. Levels above thus are pathological. Respiratory depths should also be average en depth, and not too deep.
Slide 6
Assessment for airway secretions is also prominent in asthma. Mucus is usually present in the respiratory tract to trap particles. Too many airway secretions indicate severe asthma. Cough is a reflex action to clear matter out of the trachea. It is used in asthma to check the extent of airway clearance.
NSAIDs are also known to interfere with prostaglandin action and thus exercabate asthma in some patients. Hence use other NSAIDS in case of chest pain.
Health seeking behavior is also a nursing diagnosis witnessed by children who seek special circumstances such as hot water baths, special meals in order to avoid asthma. This should be taken into account by the school.
Slide 7
Asthma presents with an aura of confusion, uncertainty and even the looming fear of death. It is always advisable to use certain techniques that can reassure the patient comfort, safety and relaxation as you relive the symptoms.
Slide 8
Creating awareness about asthma to the academic and non-academic staff ensures that asthma is controlled in the school setting. Students should be allowed to walk with inhalers. The school should also have nearby ambulance for emergency services.
Slide 9
Allergies are immune hypersensitivity reactions just like asthma that overreact when the body recognizes a harmful allergen. Allergies can occur anywhere such as occur on the skin, stomach etc.
Slide 10
The immune response in asthma during an allergic reaction is visualized during the second exposure. The first exposure occurs when IgE’s bind to mast cells in the body. During the second exposure, the IGE’s now cross link with each other and degranulation the mast cells. The mast cells granules contain mediators of inflammation such as histamine.
These mediators of inflammation respond by constriction, damage of vessels and healing of the same. Leakage of blood forms the red patches known as ecchymosis and petechiae
Allergies symptomatology is organ specific. In the abdomen it causes GIT symptoms such as bloating, in the chest it causes chest pain etc., in the hands it presents as a rash and itching/pain.
Coeliac disease is the most common gastrointestinal allergy. It is important to understand the difference between food intolerance and allergies. Lactose intolerance is a food intolerance and not an allergy. You can have a milk allergy, which is not lactose intolerance.
Slide 11
Most allergies are derived from protein products. The FDA has released the 8 major items listed in the slides
The major in allergy is an anaphylactic reaction, which presents with systemic hypotension which increases pulse. Vasodilators are normally released, which have this effect. Hence the relief technique is administration of epinephrine which counteracts this. Its dissemination affects the stomach, lungs, CNS with organ specific symptoms.
Slide 12
Treatment for type one hypersensitivity is administration of epinephrine. Antihistamines for the histamine released, and steroids to counteract neutrophil activity. NSAIDS should be administered in case of pain only. Theophylline, if available in I.V could also be administered. For regular control, caffeine products contain theophylline such as tea and coffee can be given during breaks. Side effects of diuresis are expected.
Slide 13
The nutrition department should ensure it give children safe food, depend on their various conditions.
This is only possible through adherence to the set guidelines provided by the government such a:
- a) Clearly label all potential allergens. Clean all tables with soap and water before and after meals and train the cooking staff on the risk of cross contamination with special allergens and their adverse effects.
They should also provide alternative food that doesn’t give allergies such as
- b) Fresh vegetables, Fruits such as bananas and apples, Gluten free carbohydrates
Slide 14
Student’s safety should be adhered to though ensuring the staff follows the required instructions regarding chemicals and substances and regular confirmation from the MSDS. The MSDS contain the information regarding the use of certain chemicals in the workplace and emergency protocols in case of harm. The Nutrition department should also regularly inspect the kitchen premises and make improvements of cases where needed. Finally, they can also oversee other responsibilities such as reporting any cases of bullying and discrimination
Slide 15
Bus drivers often spend time with children the most in the outside. This can be during trips, picnics and regular picking at bus stops. Hence they need to know how to use epipens.
Slide 16
The epipen comes in a plastic casing. Sometimes they came as two. It is important to check the expiry date, and color of the epinephrine inside. If it is orange, then it has been exposed to light and should not be used.
The orange cap contains the needle, which you never see, while the blue cap should be removed first before using it. Otherwise, it will not work.
Slide 17
The correct procedure is hold the pen into fist, remove the blue cap, then in a swinging motion not to fats inject the epipen into your right outer thigh.
Slide 18
If the anaphylaxis doesn’t stop, then give another shot and call 911 immediately after.
Slide 19
Adrenaline itself has some adverse effects that act through the sympathetic system. Heart pounding is the most common, alongside pupillary dilation.
Slide 20
It is important to understand the correlation of asthma and allergies since their management overrule each other. They also manifest with the same symptoms. Additionally, the epidemiology statistics indicate that the USA is highly affected by these two, hence the need for everyone to understand them.