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Childhood

Middle Childhood: Biosocial Development

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Middle Childhood: Biosocial Development

 

 

 

Middle childhood is the period of development between six

and eleven years. Every developmental stage in life ushers in new biological and

physiological challenges and vulnerabilities. It is important to note that

almost every individual has some elements of abnormal behavior which may

translate to severe disorders later in life. However, the prognosis of

disorders that have their onset in childhood is not certain. The symptoms of

the disorder may improve or worsen with time. The diagnosis for psychopathology

is made difficult by being able to set apart typical childish behavior from

pathology. This paper discusses attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

and dyslexia.

 

 

 

Discussion

 

 

 

Attention Deficit

Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

 

 

 

ADHD is a brain disorder characterized by a persistent

pattern of lack of attention and hyperactive or impulsive behaviors that

interfere with the normal functioning and development of a person. The

diagnosis of ADHD is often difficult because there is no distinctive biological

marker even though some biological patterns occur. The symptom of inattention

becomes more evident in children of the school-going age, making diagnosis

dependent on parents and teachers reports on overall child behavior. This is

followed by confirmation from a specialist who has interacted with many

children within that age bracket. The onset of ADHD is linked to neurological

dysregulation as a result of genetic components, complications during pregnancy

and toxins. Comorbidity is common in ADHD. ADHD may be underdiagnosed because

the symptoms can be easily misinterpreted for other conditions or disregarded

as normal child behavior. Boys are often diagnosed with ADHD more than girls.

Due to the variance in causative factors, treatment options may not necessarily

work in a similar manner in different children. Treatment of ADHD may involve pharmacological

options to regulate emotions and behavior. Psychotherapeutic approaches are

more widely used to manage symptoms and equip those around the affected

individual with knowledge on how to provide a conducive environment for

recovery. While some parents are receptive to the relief provided by drugs,

others oppose medication due to the fear of the consequences that may emerge as

a result of drug use.

 

 

 

Dyslexia

 

 

 

This is a learning disorder that manifests through

difficulty in reading. Children with dyslexia present with divergent symptoms,

making its diagnosis complex. Some children present with difficulties in

reading out sounds but have no difficulties in comprehension and memorizing

printed text while others may present with opposite symptoms. The onset of

dyslexia is linked to speech and hearing difficulties. Early warning signs

include a three-year old not being able to talk clearly. Individualized

treatment for dyslexia is recommended because the causes vary significantly

from one child to the other.

 

 

 

Special Needs and

Developmental Stages

 

 

 

Children with special needs usually have delayed milestones

when compared to other children of the same age. The prognosis of special needs

in children is very unpredictable. In some children, symptoms suggestive of

special needs may worsen with time and continually impair function while ion

some, the severity of symptoms lessens over time and they may turn out as fully

productive adults. Early interventions are required for successful management

of special needs.

 

 

 

Types of Challenges

 

 

 

Children with special needs have challenges in maintain

social interactions. They may not be able to relate to the emotions of people

within their circle, continually putting them away. They may face difficulties

in engaging in social activities such as playing, making it difficult for them

to keep friends. Children with special needs are often unable to accomplish tasks

that others their age find easy to get through, which affects their self-esteem

negatively.

 

 

 

Conclusion

 

 

 

Different developmental stages present different biological and

physiological changes and vulnerabilities. Symptoms of abnormal behavior and

development among children are often disregarded as normal occurrences, which

delays the diagnosis and treatment of certain disorders. Parents need to

familiarize with the characteristics of every developmental stage and keep

track of their child’s behavior to ensure that any anormally is detected early

enough to increase chances for positive outcomes.

 

 

 

 

 

 

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