Synopsis for M.Sc. (Hons) Poultry Science
Title: Nutritional and Economic Contribution of Indigenous Poultry in Food Security and Poverty Alleviation District Faisalabad.
Abstract
This research will investigate the factors controlling smallholder poultry production under relatively intensive conditions to produce meat and eggs for subsistence and support the household economy after selling the surplus. The present study will be conducted in Faisalabad to explore the raising and management of smallholder backyard poultry units. The area will be divide into six zones by naturally available roads. The six different zones are linked to Sargodha road, Lahore road, Satiana road, and Sumundri road, Jhang Road, and Amipur road 30 households per road (i.e., n = 180) will be selected from each zone. Stratified random sampling will be used for the selection of poultry keeping households. The data on different aspects of smallholder backyard poultry rearing and management, i.e., socio-economic information of household, birds profile, housing, feeding, breeding, health care, marketing will be collected using a semi-structured pre-tested questionnaire. The collected data will be tabulated, nominal coded into numerical values, and statistically analyzed through descriptive analysis using the chi-square test. The relationship between different variables will be determined through Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient in SPSS (18.0).
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, FAISALABAD
SUB-CAMPUS TOBA TEK SINGH
Synopsis for M.Sc. (Hons) Poultry Science
- Title: Nutritional and Economic Contribution of Indigenous Poultry in Food Security and Poverty Alleviation in Faisalabad
- a) Date of Admission 06-10-2017
- b) Date of Initiation (Research) After Approval
- c) Probable Duration (Research) 01 Semester
III. PERSONNEL:
- Name of the Student Husnain Haider
- Registration Number 2013-ag-3001
- Supervisory Committee:
- Zia-ur-Rehman (Supervisor)
- Riaz Mustafa (Member)
- Muhammad Farooq Khalid (Member)
- Introduction
The poultry industry is an important and vital sector of Pakistani agriculture and contributes a lot to the national GDP (1.3%). The poultry industry plays a significant role in bridging the gap between supply and demand for protein. In Pakistan, poultry production is one of the most dynamic and well-organized sectors, accounting for 26.8%, 5.76% and 1.26% of total meat production, agriculture, and GDP. The poultry industry has shown good growth over the past few years and has become a source of recruitment for more than 1.5 million people (GOP,2014).
Despite the tremendous potential and growth over the years, Pakistan’s per capita poultry is still 5 kg and 51 eggs per year, compared to developed countries where these figures are meat weighs 41 kg and 300 eggs (PPA, 2013b). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the average daily requirement for animal protein is 27 g/person, while in Pakistan, it is no more than 17 g (Memnon et al. 2012). In these 17 grams, the share of protein from poultry is only 5 grams, resulting in a gap of 10 grams per person per day.
If calculated on an annual basis, taking into account the current Pakistan (180 million) population, the gap is 788,000 tons of meat. The population of Pakistan is growing at a rate of 2.03% per year (GOP, 2013). There is a strong correlation between Pakistan’s population and the growth of poultry (89.0%).
The term indigenous poultry production defines small-scale rearing poultry at home. In this type of poultry farming, some birds are usually used primarily for families. Birds and remaining eggs are sold in villages or adjacent markets, and earning is used to meet the family’s needs. It is a common practice in rural Pakistan. The 70% of rural households in Pakistan use 10 to 12 chickens for household consumption or small income-generating units. Chicken production in the backyard is an essential aspect of small-scale poultry farming.
Rural poultry is a practical transformation of inefficient kitchen waste and other crop waste into efficient human food. Chicken production in the backyard is very popular in many parts of the world, especially in developing countries, where most of the population lives in rural areas. (Bessei et al. .1989) reported that in most third world countries, poultry was kept on small farms by large-scale management systems, which significantly contributed to the cash income of rural households.
Farmers worldwide widely preserve chickens (Gallus domesticus) and Pakistan, a large population rather than other animals (FAO, 2007). However, genetic resources in domestic poultry or backyards in Pakistan are in a developed model. Global smallholder poultry production is a productive activity, in which profit margins mainly influence the concept of low resource use efficiency and resource use. Production errors lead to a decline in the owner’s profitability or a decrease in income (Ojo et al., .2003).
Besides, the intensive and highly homogenized exotic species for eggs and meat production by private organizations and NGOs have led to the development of exotic poultry operations in Pakistan (PARC, 2017; Sebho et al. .2016).
Local chicken breeds in semi-urban and rural areas of Pakistan are also distributed along with other developing countries. This distribution plays a vital role in generating income for low-income families and food production. (Thronton et al., 2002; Moreki et al., 2010).
To improve production levels, interventions can help low-income families create resources to improve their lifestyles or living conditions by eliminating their poverty (Jensen and Dolberg, 2003).
It is assumed that poultry production in the backyard can play an essential role in food security, resource-poor household economies, and low-income groups. Therefore, the study aimed to identify smallholder poultry producers and explore the contribution of indigenous poultry production to household income and its impact on Faisalabad livelihoods and poverty alleviation.
- Review of Literature
Adetayo et al. (2013) considered the socio-economic conditions and challenges of domestic poultry producers. They identified the significant constraints were disease attacks, parasitic infestations, and availability of loan and credit, which limits the farming potential. Simultaneously, a flock of larger size increases the income that minimizes the constraints and has a significant impact on poultry production.
Tufail et al. (2012)studied the indigenous poultry rearing in various regions of Pakistan. Mostly poor and moderate farmers were involved in the rearing of poultry at the domestic level. They were rearing birds for their consumption, and surplus eggs and birds generate the right amount of income while some wealthy people or farmers are rearing birds like Aseel breed for recreational purposes.
Farooq et al. (2001)determined that a comprehensive production system was a significant income for small farmers in developing countries. Household poultry remained the primary source of eggs and meat before the establishment of the modern poultry industry. Gradually, the poultry sector’s development meets the need for eggs and meat, but domestic poultry still has a significant position. Through proper management and vaccination, the damage to the flock can be minimized, which leads to an increase in the production potential of rural poultry.
Chua et al. (2000) found a relationship between poverty and vulnerability. Vulnerability includes the lousy weather conditions, disease and predator is the attack that damages the flock and increases the mortality rate, which leads to an economic loss to poor farmers because they cannot afford to buy new birds for rearing.
Sarkar et al. (2006) studied the discernment that local breeds’ low genetic potential was unable to generate more income and produced insufficient proteins that cannot fulfill the nutritional requirements of the daily diet. The improved husbandry practices are essential for desi breeds to make them economically efficient.
Padhi et al. (2016) depicted that the production potential of native chicken breeds can be improved through vaccination, better health care, housing, and feed management practices. While genetic characteristics may improve by selection and cross-breeding of native breeds with high-quality breeds despite the time constrains the selection process to generate permanent or long-lasting traits in birds that can be observed through an increase in production potential. However, cross-breeding is speedier than selection for enhancing the production of the potential of native breeds.
Martinez et al. (2013) conducted a family review study, including pending interventions to assess and compare poultry farming practices, and to assess smallholder poultry farmers’ current attitude to raising chickens in suburban areas. A questionnaire-based on socio-behavior was given to all the poultry farmers. The results indicate a possible cause of a significant reduction in poultry rearing. Changes in the socio-economic status of closed areas or caged poultry have positive implications for respondents, but house cleanliness is the leading cause of household rearing.
Billah et al. (2013), the following study addresses the small-scale poultry production patterns and household consumption of target households. The results show that there is an important relationship between education, meat consumption, farm size, and agricultural income, and farmers’ understanding of poultry farming is related to poultry production. The main problems include disease, inadequate immunization and medicine, poor nutrition, and housing management. At the farmer level, to improve poultry production, there should be a women’s training program that enables them to build poultry production and consumption capacity.
Turkson et al. (2008) conducted a study to assess the health status of poultry flocks protected by small, medium, and large poultry in semi-urban areas in four different regions of Ghana. The ratio of small and large producers meets their needs. The distance or time between the two types of guards using veterinary services is the same. Poultry is still medium to large, and the supply of drugs and vaccines is both beneficial and straightforward. The availability and attitude of staff are suitable for young breeders, but the results are poor. The cost of drugs for large keepers is significantly higher than average. The study concludes that there is no difference between the two groups, and the quality of service is good, and the results do not support the lack of small-scale portfolio services.
Jaafar et al. (2010) identify key factors to improve the effectiveness of poultry production methods. The study pointed out some factors that improve poultry production, such as feed, labor, land, and other miscellaneous expenditures. However, there are some restrictions, including illiterate farmers, lack of market access, high feed costs, and institutional support. Women’s empowerment and better policies should be activated, not only to improve poultry production but also to remove restrictions on poultry products’ production or sale. can make a significant contribution to farmers’ sustainable poultry production.
Permin et al. (2000) showed that poultry restriction is not only related to disease but also includes reproductive methods, feeding supplies, predators, and inappropriate varieties. All poor people in developing countries have low productivity, poultry in the backyard, and have played a notable role in poverty alleviation due to low production costs.
Bamaru et al. (2013) Check the efficiency of poultry production profits in four and a half cities in Lagos. They found that all current input prices would significantly affect the profitability of poultry companies. These findings indicate that the profits of poultry farms are not entirely sufficient. Seventy-two percent of efficiency means a 23% improvement in efficiency. The results indicate that the key determinants of profitability include the number of birds, gender, family farm, and farm time employment.
Kabasa et al. (1997)conducted a study on poultry production in Uganda’s semi-urban areas. Poultry in the suburbs of urban small cities is growing, and a large number of urban farmers cannot purchase minimal feed, leading to meat and egg production. Besides significantly affecting the bird’s infection rate and disease resistance, despite the health management of locally grown birds, birds’ feeding balance is a significant problem. It has harmed poultry performance in urban areas.
Qureshi et al. (1985) determined that 70% of rural households in Pakistan maintain 10 to 12 chickens for household consumption or small income-generating units. Chicken production in the backyard is an essential aspect of small-scale poultry farming.
VII. Materials and Methods
Data Collection
The present study will be conducted in Faisalabad to explore the raising and management of smallholder backyard poultry units. The study area will be divided into six zones by natural roads. The six different zones are linked to Sargodha road, Lahore road, Satiana road, and Sumundri road, Jhang Road, and Amipur road 30 households per road (i.e., n = 180) will be selected from each zone. Stratified random sampling will be used for the selection of poultry keeping households. The data on different aspects of smallholder backyard poultry rearing and management, i.e., socio-economic information of household, birds profile, housing, feeding, breeding, health care, marketing, will be investigated and recorded using a semi-structured pre-tested questionnaire. The collected data will be tabulated, nominal coded into numerical values, and statistically analyzed through descriptive analysis using the chi-square test. The relationship between different variables will be determined through Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient in SPSS (18.0).
VII. References
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