PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT USING SUGARCANE BAGASSE ASH FOR BUILT ENVIRONMENT

Table of Contents

TITLE OF RESEARCH.. 3

BACKGROUND TO TOPIC.. 3

RESEARCH QUESTIONS. 4

RESEARCH AIMS AND OBJECTIVES. 4

IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH.. 5

RESEARCH DESIGN.. 7

LITERATURE REVIEW… 7

DATA COLLECTION.. 9

DATA INVESTIGATION.. 10

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.. 10

RESEARCH TIMELINE.. 12

LIMITATIONS TO RESEARCH.. 13

OUTCOMES OF RESEARCH.. 14

REFERENCES. 16

TITLE OF RESEARCH

“Partial Replacement of Cement Using Sugarcane Bagasse Ash for Built Environment”

BACKGROUND TO TOPIC

The manufacturing of cement in the construction industry creates a hazardous impact on the environment, thereby degrading its sustainability. The emission of carbon and waste materials are generated that play havoc with the environment as they are difficult to dispose-of. One such waste material generated from the sugarcane industry is bagasse ash that is highly efficient in imparting higher strength to the concrete, thereby reducing its permeability. This ash contains a chemical substance called silica whose reactivity during the hydration process provides various resistive properties to cement, such as chloride and corrosive resistance. Apart from these, this sugarcane waste helps in making the concrete durable by replacing the traditional practices of composite practices of cement (Deshmukh, et al. 2019). In addition to this, it can be said that the different types of testings have been conducted on this ash and found to be a replacement of cement. Earlier in the construction industry, Portland cement was used to build materials that were highly popular due to its demand and growth in the construction industry. With the increasing concern about the damage done by the construction industry to the environment, the replacement of Portland cement became important (Rattanachu, et al. 2019).

At the same time, it can be said that Civil Engineers also identified this by-product generated from the sugarcane industries that will help in constructing and developing a better and more sustainable environment (Deshmukh, et al. 2019). This type of waste is called the agricultural waste that will impart sustainability to the environment and also reducing the cost of materials used in the construction industry. Also, the materials used in the construction are expensive due to their higher demand. By using this agricultural waste in place of cement will help in building economic sustainability and also reducing the expenditures of the construction industry and also contributing their efforts towards environmental protection (Shahnaz, et al. 2016). Replacing this Portland cement with bagasse ash will generate higher capital for the construction industry and will provide numerous benefits to the concrete by enhancing the properties (Zareei, et al. 2018). Bagasse ash will prove beneficial in reducing greenhouse gases emission along with carbon emissions to build a sustainable environment.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Following are the research questions that will prove beneficial in conducting the research:

• What are the factors affecting the strength of SCBA?
• What are the benefits associated with the environment by replacing cement with SCBA?
• How will SCBA contribute to providing environmental sustainability?
• How the concrete strength gets enhanced by using SCBA?
• Evaluate the composition of SCBA?
• What is the percentage of variation of SCBA constituent from its standard value?

RESEARCH AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The research aims to use the agricultural waste called bagasse ash generated from sugar industries to replace the cement to build a sustainable environment and ensure its protection. The wastes generated from sugarcane industries will also be monitored and addressed during the research to reduce the burden of the environment.

Following are the research objectives:

• To determine the factors affecting SCBA Strength.
• To determine the benefits associated to the environment by replacing cement with SCBA.
• To determine the contribution of SCBA in providing environmental sustainability.
• To evaluate the composition of SCBA.
• To evaluate the concrete strength enhanced by SCBA.
• To identify the percentage variation in constituents of SCBA from its standard value

IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH

Different types of techniques or methods are being used in the construction industry for replacing the cement. Wastes generated from sugarcane is being used, as cement is considered harmful for the environment when they are degraded into the environment. Implementing the waste generated from agriculture requires low maintenance that will help maintain the standard quality of concrete to protect the environment (Shahnaz, et al. 2016). This will boost the growth of the construction industry, along with minimizing the pollution of the environment. The reason for using bagasse ash in place of cement is that it helps in increasing the properties of concrete, thereby increasing its durability and strength.

Therefore the cost of buying the expensive concretes gets automatically reduced. On the other hand, it is highly beneficial to the environment protection (Praveenkumar, et al. 2017). Cement concrete is made up of a combination of aggregates along with the water paste that helps in binding the mixture as a whole to store coarse aggregate.

Apart from this, it is also analyzed that the properties inbuilt in SCBA make a concrete fresh as well as hard enough for enhancing its binding rate to improve the production quality (Shahnaz, et al. 2016). This helps in creating a waterproof layer by making the process much more accessible through the variation of mixtures. The mixture’s process has to go through a superplasticizer to improve its scope, which is difficult to determine. Management of the size of the particle, together with the mixture, plays a crucial role in changing the process (Praveenkumar, et al. 2017). However, Bagasse ash handles these components very carefully during the process of hydration, and different types of properties are being imparted, such as resistivity, corrosively, higher strength, durability, and reducing the permeability (Khan and Saxena, 2016). All these properties are imparted with the help of substance present in bagasse ash called silica, whose reactivity with the cement components helps the concrete to become more durable.

Along with this, it can be determined that #the reactivity of the cement with other components in the hydration process gets reduced by the bagasse ash so that the best quality results can be obtained. This research is conducted for replacing the cement by bagasse ash in a particular proportion for determining the effectiveness of concrete obtain that is blended with SCBA. Then casting with the normal water is done for 60 days that will help in measuring the sulphate quantity of pozzolanic property. This is done to identify the best as well as a statistical approach to carry out the operation well. Different issues are highlighted in this process that poses a threat to the environment, such as creating pollution by emitting carbon emissions (Mulay, et al. 2017). Using the Bagasse ash helps in managing the operations well with the help of silica, thereby reducing the operational costs. Different chemical components are also needed in the correct proportion for developing a good concrete mixture of different shapes as well as the size.

The importance of carrying out this research will help in the following ways:

• Learning the use of SCBA will help in building the economy of the construction industry.
• The clearance issue associated with replacing the cement will get resolved due to SCBA.
• The carbon emissions and greenhouse gas emissions will get reduced.
• The value of natural sand used for the preparation of fine aggregate will get enhanced.
• The problems associated with disposing of the ashes generated from sugarcane industries will get reduced.
• Partial replacement of cement will help in rising as well as meeting the future demands of the construction industry (Berenguer, et al. 2020).
• Different types of concrete can be obtained by using Bagasse ash, such as Eco-Friendly Cement, Low- Cost Self- Compacting Concrete, Light Weight Concrete, etc.
• All the problems associated with the environment come from using the cement so that the partial replacement will benefit to the environment.
• To improve the properties of mortar, concrete, and paste, bagasse ash proves beneficial.

RESEARCH DESIGN

LITERATURE REVIEW

According to Reddy, et al., (2015), the by-products obtained from agriculture as well as industries are being utilized in the production of concrete by replacing the cement material in their mixtures. This kind of mixture helps enhance the fresh as well as the hard properties associated with the concrete for reducing the environmental burden (Reddy, et al., 2015). It is done so that the negative impact can be minimized, which is caused by the disposal of a toxic substance to the environment,  (Khan and Saxena, 2016). The research is being conducted in using these waste products obtained from the industry for economic as well as environmental concerns (Venkatesh and Pradeepa, 2019). In addition to this, it can also be discussed that SCBA is considered to be the promising material to use it in place of cement partially so that the strength of the concrete can be altered and enhanced. These properties can be altered with the help of factors such as fineness, glass powder, as well as the chemical composition present within the SCBA. Also, with the increasing demand for cement, there was a need to develop an alternative that will help in replacing the cement as well as contributing to managing the waste ensuring sustainability to the environment (Reddy, et al., 2015).

Kumar et al. (2016) state that the manufacturing process involves the generation of waste material in abundance quantities, including the solid wastes. This solid waste is difficult to manage to result in developing environmental problems that play havoc with the natural environment when these wastes are disposed into them (Kumar, et al., 2016). Due to the ever-increasing concern about the environment in the society as well as the scarcity related to landfill space, expensive costs, there is a need to develop strategies for finding out the effective option as an alternative in disposing of the waste materials (Venkatesh and Pradeepa, 2019). There is a need to find solutions that help reduce the industrial waste generation and curb the pollution of the environment to develop a sustainable environment (Raj, et al. 2017).

One of the most commonly used materials in the construction business is the Portland cement across the world. At the same time, it can also be assessed that various researches have been conducted by different researchers across the world to find out the alternate solution to this problem (Dhengare, et al., 2015). Some research has investigated that the waste materials have already developed their credentials, and other research demonstrates the need for exploring its implications again (Venkatesh and Pradeepa, 2019). The waste generated from industries will not only provide exchange from foreign earning but also help control the pollution of the environment. Some of the industrial wastes, namely fly ash and the silica fume, are used as a cement replacing material.

Dhengare, et al., (2015) states that the sugarcane bagasse ash is being used in the production of concrete possessing high durability and strength characteristics. The waste generated from the industries can only be reduced if the agricultural and industrial wastes are utilized effectively (Dhengare, et al., 2015). It is the reason for replacing the Portland cement with sugarcane bagasse ash. The chemical composition of this ash is being investigated and also compared with the cement. Apart from this, it can be identified that the mixture of concrete is taken and is being altered by adding different percentages of bagasse ash (Andreão, et al. 2019). It is done to determine the various strengths of the concrete, such as tensile, compressive, and the split. Also, the variation in the mixture of water and cement is done so that the impact of SCBA can be studied and understood. The results have proved that the concrete strength has increased to 15% on replacing it with SCBA.

Patel and Raijiwala, (2015) concluded that the cement causes various impacts on the environment, thereby disturbing the ecological balance of the environment. The problems of the environment are created when the cement is being manufactured by emitting harmful gases such as the oxides of carbon, mainly resulting in a greenhouse effect. It creates a high burden on the environment (Patel and Raijiwala, 2015). Along with this, it can also be assessed that all the researchers nowadays are contributing their efforts in solving the issues of the environment across the world. The generation of bagasse ash in the sugar mill industries disturbs the environment as these wastes are used in the process of landfill. This ash also contains the ethanol vapors and the aluminum ions. When this ash is dried, it acts as properties of fuel as natural fibers are contained in it, which shows combustion fast. After drying it, the ash is being used with OPC in a little amount to increase its workability as well as the tensile strength, thereby reducing the carbon-dioxide gas emissions that led to the greenhouse effect and global warming (Hussein, et al. 2018). Then it is tested under different tests such as compaction test, slump cone tests.

In addition to this, it also analyzed that the strength of concrete undergoes certain tests such as the compressive test for testing its hardness. The experiments are conducted to study the impact of bagasse ash in replacing the cement at the partial level so that its comparison can be made with the nominal values (Patel and Raijiwala, 2015). One of the major constituents of concrete is this ash called SCBA, fine aggregate, ordinary cement, and coarse aggregate. This process is followed by the molding of concrete to caste it in all the specimens for 28 days. On increasing the combustion temperature of this ash, the content of this ash that is the silica gets increased (Jamnongwong, et al. 2017). The sugarcane bagasse ash provides various advantages to the environment, concrete, reducing the emissions, imparting properties such as durability and strength that prove beneficial in building a good quality concrete as the good quality concrete will build the good quality materials.

DATA COLLECTION

The collection of data is required to obtain the accurate result of the research. There are two approaches, namely qualitative as well as quantitative, which helps address the issues of the research by collecting the data. There is a need for including the composition of SCBA in an accurate proportion to carry out the research (Gopal, et al. 2018). It is done to ensure that the collected data is tested for the use of bagasse ash.  Accurate sources of data can be obtained by the approach called Thematic that helps in analyzing at the critical level. Proper sources are obtained so that the determination of the composition of bagasse ash can be obtained. The collection of data is done by using the journals, studies, as well as the secondary sources so that the description of the facts regarding the use of SCBA can be obtained. The percentage of the substance is being varied for identifying the sources exhibited in that situation.

Additionally, experiments have also been conducted for investigating the use of this ash at the partial level in place of cement in the process of mixing the concrete. The solution obtained after mixing is dilute in nature that is being managed for reducing the environmental burden by evaluating its percentage composition. In this way, the identification of the use of bagasse ash can easily determine to enhance the productivity of the construction business. Different kinds of variants are being used to the percentage mixture for determining the accurate sources.  It is the reason that researchers are collecting secondary data for getting accurate and comprehensive results.

At the same time, the importance of using SCBA in the construction process helps in binding the materials effectively so that its replacement with the cement can be understood and the benefits associated with it. The mixture is tested against the different kinds of situations for handling the data effectively (Berenguer, et al. 2016). Several tests, such as Flexural as well as the split test, are done for checking its tensile strength for handling the various strengths encountered within the situation. It will help in building an effective plan for replacing the cement partially with the bagasse ash to achieve the aim.

DATA INVESTIGATION

The data is being transferred to other data so that the data can be analyzed to carry out the combined methods. The sources are effectively managed with the help of a compressive test as well as the workability test of the concrete for determining its strength capability. It is done so that the identification of the issues while using the material can be easily identified for calculating the accurate results along with finding the best approach for it. The best approach is provided with the help of analyzing at a higher and deeper level. It will help in reducing the cost of the construction processes at a larger level for designing the operation plan. The first step is the collection of data followed by the analysis of data with the help of the thematic process to obtain the statistics of data (Dayo, et al. 2019).

On the other hand, the secondary research is done with the help of a literature review to understand the rate and effectively manage the plan. Different policies are also designed to evaluate the quality of material and the problems encountered while conducting this process. The research plan is designed so that the progress, as well as the findings of the research, can be easily evaluated. Through the analysis of data, various opportunities regarding the research can be identified so that the topic can be understood effectively.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The aims, as well as the objectives of the research, will help in gaining the information about the various approaches useful in addressing the issues. It can be achieved with the help of approaches of mixed-method so that its applications can be discussed practically and also gaining the knowledge regarding the topic. The qualitative, as well as the quantitative approach, is used in analyzing the collected data. Therefore it is essential to understand the research problem effectively. The priority is being decided by this approach concerning phrases as well as the data collection that will be useful in the study (Amaral and Holanda, 2017). It is done to ensure that the research has been conducted briefly, and also, the sources are effectively managed. The interpretation of the data, along with its various operations, will be successful through this research. Therefore, the need for analyzing the data becomes more prominent for obtaining accurate results.

According to the various paper of research, the variation, as well as the composition required for analyzing the issues and also managing it, is elaborated further. With the help of a mixed-method, the various sections and the validity of the data are determined accurately. Different research papers are being studied for evaluating the impact as well as the factors causing the change in the strength of SCBA (Mukundrao, et al. 2017). Identification of the best approach also plays a significant role in handling the issues correctly. A comparison of the data is made through the qualitative as well as the quantitative method by gathering the information and data.

JUSTIFICATION OF APPLIED METHODOLOGY

In this research, the mixed approach is followed to collect reliable information as well as the data. Literature review, along with the research obtained from the journals, is being done to carry out the research effectively. The information obtained from the journals will help in researching at a higher level.

The most popular way is to obtain the information from the journals in the research so that accurate information can be obtained as it is highly cost-effective. Also, there is no need for any knowledge, as well as the experience needed for the research. These methods are highly effective in bringing out the validity as well as the reliability concerned with the research. The validity can be obtained through the quality of materials obtained after using SCBA by mixing it in correct proportions.

RESEARCH TIMELINE

WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE

This structure refers to the division of tasks as well as the procedures into smaller subdivisions to obtain the accurate procedure for conducting the research.

TIMEFRAME SCHEDULING

GANTT CHART

LIMITATIONS TO RESEARCH

This research aims to find the use of bagasse ash that is partially obtained from the sugarcane instead of cement for providing support to the environment. Research states that the construction industry is moving towards a sustainable approach to building materials and the concrete. The reason for including sustainability in the construction industry or the processes is due to its highly toxic waste generation, chemicals as well as the emission of greenhouse gases which in turn degrade the environment. This damage to the environment by the construction industry is severe, so the need for providing support to the environment became crucially important. The use of cement can be reduced by using bagasse ash at the partial level due to its composition that helps in providing the strength and durability to the concrete. The composition of bagasse ash consists of silica, potassium, calcium, and iron in huge propositions that will benefit the concrete. The concrete strength has been increased by 10% by using the sugarcane bagasse ash (Akshay, et al. 2019). But this research also possesses some limitations. One of the biggest limitations of this research is that the factors creating an impact upon the bagasse ash strength have not been able to determine when this ash is used partially with the replacement of cement. It creates a scope for the research to be carried out further to identify those factors in the life cycle of the construction industry.

There is a need to understand the impact caused by changing the proportions to develop a sustainable construction. The composition of SCBA can be evaluated further for carrying out the research. The goal of this research is to determine the benefits associated with using SCBA partially instead of cement to the environment. The use of cement, along with the various chemicals, proves hazardous to the environment and the durability of concrete. If SCBA is used partially in place of cement, then this toxicity can be easily reduced to a greater level. Another limitation of this research is that there is not any standard limit described or recommended in using SCBA at a partial level. Practical experiments of this limitation have to be included in the work zone (Bheel, et al. 2019). There is a need to conduct secondary research to determine the sources that will prove beneficial from secondary data. Various researches have been conducted by different researchers for building an eco- friendly construction by using bagasse ash. The aims, as well as the objectives of the research, are clearly defined, and there is a need of 1 trimester time for carrying out the research. Also, this research has not conducted an experiment in the laboratory to determine the strength of cement through the use of SCBA.

OUTCOMES OF RESEARCH

From the research, it is clear that the waste generated from the sugarcane industry can be used in the construction industry for building the materials. An environment poses a serious threat by the impact created by the cement as well as the other chemicals in the process of construction in a negative way. This impact on the environment can be reduced by using the sugarcane bash in an effective way and also for developing higher strength and durability of concrete. This replacement of cement by the bagasse ash for the construction process will prove eco-friendly elements to the environment. Also, this type of waste can sustain under any damage posed to it. This bagasse ash has the property to provide high tensile strength that will help in building good construction material. It is the major reason behind using bagasse ash as a replacement for cement in the construction industry.

Implementing the sugarcane bagasse ash has proved an effective strategy of replacement as it helps in minimizing the maintenance costs associated with it. This agricultural waste is available in abundant quantities, so it is mostly used in constructing the building materials. The composite of the building, along with the strength, can be reinforced easily with the help of SCBA. This element is being utilized so that higher tensile strength can be developed. Consider an example of Brazil, where this ash is utilized in an abundant manner instead of cement that resulted in increasing its tensile strength from 170 to 290 MPa, which is huge. Also, the elasticity has been increased to about 19 GPa by making it as a waterproof so that the strength of the core can be effectively increased by imparting additional properties to it.

In addition to this, this bagasse ash material is tested on different conditions for showing its tensile strengths. This material helps in developing the core as well as the key strength that inhibit its natural properties along with the coating of lignin for providing high competitive strength and durability to it (Rattanachu, et al. 2019). The process involved in this is called the drying process that consumes a higher amount of time in carrying out the procedures of construction as a whole. This waste product or the agricultural product can be utilized in a variety of ways due to its flexible nature with the other materials. Nowadays the society is shifting towards building a sustainable construction to develop such products. Making the materials disaster-resistant by enhancing the strength of core through the various processes is the major challenge possessed by the construction industry. So replacing the cement with bagasse ash will provide support in case of natural disaster or natural calamities.

Another observation made from the research is that this element can withstand 6050MPa of the compressive ability. This ability is tested against the strength of replacing it at a larger angle. Due to its lightweight nature and flexibility, it is highly recommended to use such materials in the construction process. It helps in reducing the cost of transportation, thereby generating good quality concrete and highly used by the industries. Also, the carbon emission resulting from such industries will be reduced, thereby increasing sustainability as well as raising the performance factors. If the material is available in a large amount that is not only eco-friendly but also cost-effective, then this will boost the growth of the construction industry.

REFERENCES

Akshay, M.P., Tapase, A.B., Ghugal, Y.M., Konnur, B.A. and Dombe, S., 2019, November. Investigation on the Use of Crumb Rubber and Bagasse Ash in Road Construction. In International Congress and Exhibition” Sustainable Civil Infrastructures” (pp. 1-12). Springer, Cham.

Amaral, M.C. and Holanda, J.N., 2017. Application of sugarcane bagasse ash in the production of low cost soil-cement brick. Advances in environmental research, 6(4), pp.255-264.

Andreão, P.V., Suleiman, A.R., Cordeiro, G.C. and Nehdi, M.L., 2019. Sustainable use of sugarcane bagasse ash in cement-based materials. Green Materials, 7(2), pp.61-70.

Berenguer, R.A., Capraro, A.P.B., de Medeiros, M.H.F., Carneiro, A.M. and De Oliveira, R.A., 2020. Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash as a partial substitute of Portland cement: effect on mechanical properties and emission of carbon dioxide. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, p.103655.

Berenguer, R.A., Nogueira Silva, F.A., Barreto Monteiro, E.C., Silva Lins, C. and Lima, A., 2016. Effect of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash as Partial Replacement of Cement on Mortar Mechanical Properties. The Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 21, pp.4577-4586.

Bheel, N.D., Meghwar, S.K., Abbasi, R.A., Ghunio, I.A. and Shaikh, Z.H., 2019, December. Use of sugarcane bagasse ash as cement replacement materials in concrete. In International Conference on Sustainable Development in Civil Engineering, Jamshoro, Pakistan.

Dayo, A.A., Kumar, A., Raja, A., Bheel, N. and Shaikh, Z.H., 2019. Use of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash as a Fine Aggregate in Cement Concrete.

Deshmukh, Y.R., Sawant, A., Mane, D., Chavan, A. and Kamble, A., 2019. Experimental Study on Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) as Partial Replacement Material in Conventional Concrete (By Using Artificial Sand). Journal of Advanced Cement & Concrete Technology, 2(1, 2).

Gopal, H.V., Rafi, D.M. and Dadapeer, A.B.S., 2018. An Experimental Study on the Properties of Self Compacting Concrete with Partial Replacement of Cement by Sugarcane Bagasse Ash. International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology, 4(9), pp.80-86.

Hussein, A., Shafiq, N. and Nuruddin, M.F., 2018. Sudanese Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash: A Valuable by-Product for concrete. Int. J. Struct. Civ. Eng. Res, 7, pp.22-28.

Jamnongwong, M., Poorahong, H., Krairan, K., Sukontasukkul, P. and Jamsawang, P., 2019. SOFT BANGKOK CLAY STABILIZED WITH CEMENT AND BAGASSE ASH. Suranaree Journal of Science & Technology, 26(3).

Khan, A. and Saxena, A.K., 2016. An Experimental Study on Partial Replacement of Cement by SBCA for M-30 concrete.

Mukundrao, G.S., Changdeo, D.S., Vikas, J.S., Prakash, M.S. and Hanumantrao, P.R., 2017. Experimental Study of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash Blend & Its Application in M-30 Grade of Concrete for Moderate Exposure Conditions. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 4(4), pp.1156-1159.

Mulay, S., Vesmawala, G., Patil, Y. and Gholap, V., 2017. Experimental Investigation of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash Concrete Under Sodium Hydroxide Solution. American Journal of Civil Engineering, 5(1), pp.1-8.

Praveenkumar, S., Shanmugasundaram, J. and Samynathan, B., 2017. Effect of Bagasse Ash in Properties of Cement Paste and Mortar. International Journal of ChemTech Research, 10, pp.219-225.

Raj, M.S., Subbavarshni, D., Nabendu, R. and Ramesh, D., 2017. Study on Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete with Bagasse Ash and Coir Fibre. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, 3, pp.1204-1207.

Rattanachu, P., Tangchirapat, W. and Jaturapitakkul, C., 2019. Water Permeability and Sulfate Resistance of Eco-Friendly High-Strength Concrete Composed of Ground Bagasse Ash and Recycled Concrete Aggregate. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 31(6), p.04019093.

Shahnaz, A., Shahzadi, P., Mujahid, A., Khan, M.S., Abbass, A. and Kanwal, A., 2016. Utilization of bio materials as pozzolanic material for partial replacement of cement.

Venkatesh, R.G. and Pradeepa, R., 2019. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON VARIOUS CURING METHODS OF CONCRETE WITH BAGASSE ASH AS SUPPLEMENTARY CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL.

Zareei, S.A., Ameri, F. and Bahrami, N., 2018. Microstructure, strength, and durability of eco-friendly concretes containing sugarcane bagasse ash. Construction and Building Materials, 184, pp.258-268.