Pathophysiology Case Study
Clinical Manifestation
The patient, based on the information, shows symptoms of developing health issues associated with being overweight or obese. While he has not been diagnosed with other ailments, the probability of having metabolic illnesses is high if appropriate actions are not taken to address the situation. The patient suffers from the high pressure of 172/96 and is yet to get medical attention. His RR and HR are high and suffer additionally from insomnia, which implies that he has fat accretion around the neck. In addition, he has a high fasting glucose level of 146, while the normal range is between 70 and 115 for a healthy person. The patient’s cholesterol level is 250 compared to the expected degree of 200 for a healthy individual. Again, the HDL level of a healthy individual is about 50 and above, but for the patient in this study, his HDL is thirty, which is too low. His triglycerides are 312mg/dL, yet the expected degree for a healthy individual is 150.
Health Risks for Obesity for the Patient
The complexities that the patient is struggling with are associated with obesity as a result of his job at the call center. Based on his BMI levels of forty, the patient has Class 3 obesity. The patient displays signs and symptoms of metabolic syndrome (Stevens, 2017). With overweight and obesity issues, the patient requires bariatric surgery. In essence, two conditions occur that lead to having bariatric surgery as a suitable intervention. These include a patient having extreme obesity characterized by a body mass index of 40 and above. Secondly, if an individual suffers from weight-related health issues such as elevated blood pressure and type two diabetes as well as sleep apnea, bariatric surgery becomes a suitable intervention. Based on the medical information and observation, Mr. C shows both of these conditions, and therefore, bariatric surgery is a proper intervention for his case. The surgical intervention combines gastric bypass as well as other weight-loss surgeries aimed at addressing obesity matter when exercise and dieting mechanisms seem not to have effects.
Potential Functional Health Patterns/Problems
Based on the information provided, the patient may suffer from different health patterns. Firstly, Mr. C suffers from a health perception, where he believes that he is unhealthy due to being obese. Because of this, he believes that it is the only surgery that can rectify the situation. Further, the occurrence of conditions like sleep apnea exacerbates the health perception issues for the patient. Second, the patient has a nutritional-metabolic pattern as he consumes foods high in calories, having gained over 100 pounds within the last three years. He consumes foods rich in cholesterol, sugars, and saturated fats as well as carbohydrates leading to high fasting glucose. Mr. C is also likely to suffer from elimination as some meals will have to be gotten rid of from his diet to keep his weight in check. Foods rich in fats and sugar, as well as carbohydrates, should be eliminated since they are critical contributors to the fast rise in the patient’s weight.
Another significant health pattern for the patient is physical exercise and activity. The trend is applicable in the case because the patient works in a resting state (Collazo-Clavell, 2019). Due to these conditions, Mr. C spends most of his days living a very inactive lifestyle that contributes significantly to weight gain. The position of the patient based on his work is a pivotal contributor to the excess weight as well as associated ailments that he suffers from. Through exercise, the patient can remedy the situation (Morishita & Nagata, 2015). Another pattern is the need to get sleep since Mr. C rarely attains a better sleep pattern due to insomnia. Mr. C should become active and eat in a healthy way to aid his sleeping. Further, from a cognitive-perceptual perspective, the patient knows that he should change his lifestyle and reduce weight as well as seek interventions like bariatric surgery. From self-perception and self-concept, he understands that he had been overweight since his childhood and feels depressed about it.
End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)
End-stage renal disease (ESRD) can be categorized into five levels, and the determination of a patient’s stage needs a physician to carry out blood tests to evaluate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). This is the amount of blood that a kidney can filter in a minute (Skelton et al., 2015). The first stage has a GFR level of above 90, which mirrors near-normal kidney functionality. Phase two is the mild functioning with a GFR rate of between 60 and 89, while stage three has two different subgroups that include mild to moderate as well as moderate to a severe loss of functionality. These levels correlate with a GFR rate of between 45 and 59 as well as 30 and 44. The fourth stage is between a GFR level of 15 and 29, which shows a severe loss of functionality, while any level below 15 is considered as kidney failure (Nath & Fervenza, 2018). The contributing issues to these ratings include conditions like diabetes, urinary tract dysfunction, and autoimmune disease.
Patient Education Promoting to Improve Health
To help patients avoid, as well as manage ESRD, in an attempt to prevent deterioration and achieve health restoration, it is vital to offer lifestyle education. Preventing decay needs a patient to know their condition, which makes teaching essential. A change in lifestyle is also another critical step as a patient should understand the dietary changes required to prevent the intake of substances, which can hinder practical functionality (Nath & Fervenza, 2018). ESRD has emotional effects which require education on how to link with people and maintain routines aimed at reducing stress level. Further, awareness on the need for physical activity and exercise can assist a patient in incorporating appropriate workout program that supports with coping strategies for stress as well as fatigue.
Resources for ESRD
Different resources are accessible, which can help one manage health conditions. Among these is the Internet that offers an array of information related to best practices to low the severity of diseases as well as restore health. However, acquiring data from the Internet requires an individual to access credible sources that are accredited to healthcare organizations and research findings. Expert advice and guidance is another resource that provides essential information for different ailments. Depending on the nature of a disease, a patient must appreciate the need to use a multidisciplinary model to treatment from various aspects that include physical activity professionals, nutritional advice, and medical experts. All these professionals collaborate to offer optimal care and services.
References
Nath, K. A., & Fervenza, F. C. (2018). Disease progression and end-stage renal disease in
diverse glomerulopathies. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 93(2), 133–135. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2017.12.018.
Stevens, J. (2017). Obesity as a Disease: Why ignore the numbers? Obesity, 25(9), 1467–1467.
doi: 10.1002/oby.21923.
Collazo-Clavell, M. L. (2019, June). Managing Obesity: Scaling the Pyramid to Success. In
Mayo Clinic Proceedings (Vol. 94, No. 6, pp. 933-935). Elsevier.
Skelton, S. L., Waterman, A. D., Davis, L. A., Peipert, J. D., & Fish, A. F. (2015). Applying best
practices to designing patient education for patients with end-stage renal disease pursuing kidney transplant. Progress in Transplantation, 25(1), 77-90.
Morishita, Y., & Nagata, D. (2015). Strategies to improve physical activity by exercise training
in patients with chronic kidney disease. International journal of nephrology and
Reno-vascular disease, 8, 19–24. doi:10.2147/IJNRD.S65702