productivity and how it is affected by other factors
Introduction
This paper includes a summary of three different articles. The articles’ main topic of discussion regards productivity and how it is affected by other factors, for instance, time. A review of the following materials will be done in chronological order, with the first article covering biased decisions arising from productivity maximization alternatives. Secondly, different factors hindering labor productivity and how to go about it. The last section talks about the time-motion factor and how it affects service delivery.
ARTICLE ONE
Summary
This paper focuses on habits in people’s perception of time, which explains the individual’s disposition to miscalculate the time that could be salvaged or forfeited when escalating or reducing speed. In general, people under evaluate the time that could be recovered when escalating from a considerably low rate and over calculate the time that could be salvaged when escalating from substantially high speed. People also underrate the time that could be missed when reducing from a low speed and overrate the time that could be forfeited when reducing from high speed.
Article problem definition and objective
Problem definition is on time-saving biases that lead to methodological errors. This occurs when individuals assume that escalation in speed automatically means an increase in productivity. This paper tries to clarify that this is not always the case, and sometimes an increase in speed does not result in any kind of relative change. Besides, many other formal methods of measurement are discussed. Some of these methods include innate intelligence, lucid standardized perception models, and the interrogative search method. The authors also highlight the fact that full induction deduced by lucid standardized perceptive models is impractical because of the restricted data conversion capacity dependent on people. Instead, he suggested that bordered lucidity is a more practical method for human performance because it recognizes the limits of social data conversion. Usually, when managers undertake acumen about asset distribution, they should put into consideration all accessible economic data in fully realistic options between various alternatives. However, managers are also required to make quick innate intelligent decisions about assets distribution without having full formal economic data accessible and are therefore likely to border coherence decision making. If such judgments are prejudiced due to bordered coherence, they may eliminate more economic appraisal and appraisal on the bottom levels of an organization and approve closing appraisal of inferior choices.
Background and Literature Review
This review examines the current literature regarding time-saving biasness regarding productivity. The objective was to determine the bias in people’s perceptions in regards to time saved by increasing the speed of activity as well as other factors considered to affect the efficiency of production. The study looked at different literature from different authors. Limited information was found to relate to how general high speed leads to time-saving and higher productivity. This, therefore, means a lot of research is needed in the area of time-saving bias. This particular type of study may be in a position to shape up the productivity of various industries in the future.
Methodology
The procedure involved included two methods; one being hiking the number of units manufactured per hour and time saved. Secondly, increasing the number of units produced per working year and reduce the number of workers required. The aim was to establish which two optional manufacturing speed development would salvage most manufacturing time in the industry. The first methodology includes 36 participants who were provided with questionnaires in a classroom set up where they responded to the question in there or later by email. In the second methodology, 37 participants were used with the same setup.
Results, Discussion, and Conclusions
The first methodology results show consistency with the Eq. (5) theorem in all cases where it forecasts diverges from the accurate ones except for the filler issue. This indicates that Eq. (5) is not the only interrogative behind the time-saving partiality. In the second methodology, the time-saving examinable in Eq. (5) suggests a tie, and the participants are required to pick a side, the time-saving occurrence continues, and the prescriptively wrong option was chosen. This may show the utilization of the speed variation in substitute of the part as a fall back interrogative when the usual interrogative is unsuccessful. In conclusion, the present contribution has shown that the interrogative described by Eq. (5) applies to the economic, psychological realm of manufacturing speed and efficiency measures, in which the selectors in the productivity measure is the aspect that should be increased.
ARTICLE 2
Summary
This paper focuses on labor productivity in the construction industry. It covers the construction labor efficiency measures, features, and elements troubling it. The first result of the literature is that there is no rational measure of productivity. This study offers the steps required to enhance construction labor productivity.
Article problem definition and objective
This paper focuses on factors that affect the productivity of labor, especially in the area of the construction industry. The goal involves identifying such factors as well as taking adequate action to manage them to improve labor productivity.
Background and Literature Review
This review explores the current literature on labor productivity within the construction industry. In checking out productivity literature and it’s different systems. It is discovered that there is no agreeable measure of productivity. It is, therefore, essential to carry out more research on the subject of labor productivity to come up with a standard measure.
Methodology
The degree of debate over suitable appropriation methods seems to escalate with the complication of the economic organization under scrutiny. There are, however, several various productivity measures that are mostly used. Selecting between them always relies on the aim of productivity measurement and the accessibility of information. Productivity measures can widely be categorized into two parts. A single factor, or partial productivity measures, depicts a specific quantity of turnout to a single measure of income, such as labor or capital. Multi-factor or total productivity measures (MFP) represents a particular output alternative to several inputs or total inputs utilized. Productivity measures can also be differentiated by whether they depend on a specific measure of gross output or on a value-added notion that tries to apprehend the motion of output. Of the most usually utilized MFP measures, capital-labor MFP depends on a value-added concept of output while capital-labor- energy materials MFP depends on a specific amount of gross output.
Results, Discussion, and Conclusions
The number of highly efficient elements includes supervision, raw material, the undertaking, and methodology. Moreover, for large companies, equipment factors are also highly considered. While in small and medium companies, owner/consultant factors also require unique consideration due to its high repercussions. Research findings also indicate that health and safety elements have been an issue for small and medium companies but not in large companies. Even though it is hard to elevate labor productivity up to 100%. It is possible to adequately influence the above factors and enable productivity to improve to a greater extent.
ARTICLE 3
Summary
This article examines the time motion of community mental health workers in rural areas. This study aims to understand the workflow of CHWs in a rural Community. The paper is specifically on Mental Health Project (CMHP) in India, and it identifies inefficiencies, which hinders the service delivery of CHWs. The article, therefore, aims at aiding in formulating a targeted policy approach, increasing effectiveness, and anchoring suitable work resources as the functions and responsibilities of the CHWs advances.
Article problem definition and objective
The problem definition of this paper focuses on the workflow of community mental health workers and how other activities involved in their service delivery affects their workload. The objective of the article is to identify the non- value-added but mandatory activities that they have to carry out at the expense of value-added activities. By figuring out such activities, then mitigation measures are put in place to enhance efficiency.
Background and Literature Review
This review investigates current literature about time motion in line with service dispatch and efficiency factors. The objective of this literature is to understand the workflow and load of the CHWs and their influence on service delivery. However, such research studies are found to be limited to the community level due to the difficulty of carrying them out in the field. Moreover, population perception towards community mental health workers is not as per as with the health workers’ informal setup. This, therefore, necessitates more of such studies to be carried out for comparison purposes.
Methodology
Uninterrupted observation Time Motion study was carried out on Community Health Workers picked through deliberated sampling. The CHWs were watched for the duration of an entire working day (9 am- 3 pm) for five days each, continuing to a period of 1 month. The 14 various activities undertaken by the CHWs were recognized, and the time duration was recorded. Activities were then categorized as value-added, non-value added, but necessary and non-value-added to assess their time allotment.
Results, Discussion, and Conclusions
Home visits engage the CHWs for the highest amount of time, followed by Documentation and Traveling. Documentation, Administrative work, and review of the work process are the non-value-added but mandatory occupation which took a chunk of their time. The CHWs spent approximately 40% of their time on value-added, 58.5% of their time on non-value added but mandatory and 1.5% of their time on non-value added occupation. The CHWs worked for 0.7 h beyond the recommended time daily.
In conclusion, CHW’s are significant mental health workers in the community, and their activities involve a substantial investment of their time. Their daily duties include counseling, screening, and home visits. The CHWs are overworked due to Non-value added but mandatory occupation, which takes a lot of their time at the cost of value-added activities. Assignment overhaul and execution of Health Management Information Systems (HMIS) can improve efficiency.