The health sectors
Legislative and law depictions have tremendously influenced patient autonomy through landmark court rulings and verdicts. In the case of Union Pacific Railroad Company versus Bottsford, the Supreme Court ruled out that an individual is guaranteed liberty and right to own, control and manage his person without any form of external obstruction unless guided and supported by the authority of the law. Besides, the Storar case provided a landmark ruling where the right of sound mind person to determine and decide what should be done on his or her own body. Similarly, the Roe v. Wade case states that people’s rights supersede the enthralling interests of the nation except on certain exceptions, such as partial-birth abortion. As of the Patient Self-Determination Act of 1990 (PSDA), health professionals are expected to enlighten the patients on the legal right to determine and influence their nursing care and healing processes as guided by the law (Pozgar, 2020). It is enshrined within a person’s right to decline medical interventions when he or she realize a change in physical and mental conditions. Notably, in cases when one demonstrates incompetence in making decisions over self-determination, his or her choice should be lawfully surrogated.
Question 2
Although against medical ethics, moral honesty of professional medicine is not affected when there is permission warranted to people to decide on their nursing care or form of medical treatment. Protection of life within certain bounds permits patients to concoct for their life termination. Euthanasia is a humane killing of a terminally-ill person. It is essential to note the euthanasia manifest in either active or passive forms where medication approaches and cessation of life-supporting interventions are adopted respectively to kill someone deliberately. On the other hand, advanced directives are guidelines provided by people to particularly define the exact actions they want to be done for their bodies when they are unable to establish a decision of their illness. The futility of treatment takes course when health professionals acknowledge that the impact of remedy will have an insignificant advantage to the patient. This aspect necessitates the physician to notify the patient on the success rate of treatment methods based on scientific establishments. Pozgar (2020) defines withholding treatment as a resolution that decline initiation of treatment for the suffering patient in extreme circumstances of death imminence. Finally, the do-not-resuscitate orders provide that in events of respiratory complications, no resuscitative actions should be considered to enhance the patient’s situation.
Question 3
There is no denying that autopsy is a comprehensive examination pursued by skilled medical professionals with a core purpose of establishing the leading cause of death of a person. In a typical situation, an autopsy is often used to determine whether the death resulted from a criminal act or reasonable cause. Pozgar (2020) note that religious perspectives may somewhat restrict autopsy examinations since it may be considered a disgrace to the body. However, there are moments when autopsy examinations are binding and such objections from religious affiliations, and family members may not be considered. On the other hand, organ donation may elicit passionate dissention to the family team of the living and dead people. Even though regulated, organ donation is standard in black markets. Some religious lines do not support organ donation. The research, experimentation, as well as clinical trials, are instigated to improve and advance public health. Such aspects call for ethical considerations when examining and investigating individual objects. It incorporates honesty and integrity while researching human organs to avoid lawsuits in the long run.
Question 4
Research and development have had a significant impact on the health sector in dealing with complicated and dynamic diseases. In particular, the genetic and stem cell research can influence the manner patients are treated through altering medications (Daley et al., 2016). This course leads to systemized and effective interventions for numerous diseases. Disorders such as heart failure, diabetes, and spinal cord injuries, among many others, could be substantially treated with the aid of stem cell research and genetic.
Question 5
Genetic markers are crucial in foreseeing the prevalence and likelihood of disease occurring in a particular patient. According to Daley et al. (2016), genetic makers tend to determine the kind of illness or condition a person is expected to be exposed to or contract in future. This strategic course is essential as it ensures timely planning and arrangement of treatments and medical interventions for the patient.