The main research question addressed

1. The main research question addressed by the authors is how we can identify the t probable mean of achieving excellent performance in driving and the adaptability of text messaging by use of in-vehicle systems—addressing high risk level of making calls while driving . People extensively uses text messaging for communication in addition to making calls. A drastic increase in text messaging system has been observed compared to making phone calls while driving . Hence  making  text messages  has become most detrimental to driver’s performance than making calls.Here authors addresses how new methodologies can be used for ensuring safety of drivers and can reduce accident rates by focusing on  concentration and mental stability of drivers In addition  new improvements in text messaging methodologies are addressed by authors.

2. Main approaches other researches involved usage of driving simulator for studying usage of text messages which they satisfied to be more detrimental to driving than calling under varying driving situations including pedestrian avoidance ,changing of lane etc, Several hand held device is also enlisted by other authors in the study

In vehicle system by making use of dialing contacts and having phone conversations and selecting music track using  in vehicle systems and drivers own device.

3. The main approach the authors brought here is that several factor analysis which checks the driver’s performance compared to the extant methods, Here evaluation of drivers performance with text messaging using hand held mobile and in vehicle system has been compared and various factors which contribute to the driver’s performance where thoroughly analyzed unlike other researches has not proposed a study on the usage of text messaging rather than calling. In this study comparison has been done between a group of people in older generation as well as younger generation as well as between receiving as well as sending of text messages which has not been addressed by other authors in literature.Also the tests have been conducted by using vehicles equipped with SYNC system. Reaction of driver’s towards surprise events while reading a text message also has not been seen in literature so far

Here the participants were screened using vehicles equipped with SYNC system and by identifying a list using only local owners provided by Ford.

Participants were selected on basis of using the vehicle for a mean of more than 10 months were younger or older generations and they were paid $ 20 and additional $ 5 for incurring text messages or phone calls made.

Only the owners comfortable with hearing to music or making calls many time in a week were only selected and participants were not screened regarding current usage of text message. This approach could be reconciled as identifying or selecting more participants or owners who uses text messages rather than calling. And for generalizing the result more participants should have been included by testing the human eye and its power to see the faraway objects while driving

5. The factorial design proposed by authors was a 2x2x2 mixed factorial design with younger and older ages being the subject factors and sending and receiving of messages and modality being within subject factors. Here younger and older age people has been checked together with the task parameters satisfying the major factors for design .

The study could have been done better by choosing different network connections as the range provided by different network connection may vary during the experiment, also the duration of the experiment could be increased by choosing different sites and laps for the experiment like hilly area , terrain area and plain or rolling terrains for differentiating study under different site conditions.The participants may be chosen based on the test for power of eye and its perfection while driving as its contribute to overall performance.

6. Dependent variables in this study includes maximum steering wheel velocity and its position variance ,number of steering wheel reversals. Also derived from video reduction includes duration and tasks related to glance as defined by fixations directed to instrument cluster , steering wheels interior objects and center stack etc further it could be generalized based on three themes which are vehicle network, hovc video reduction and subjective report.

Dependent variables chosen here enabled the participants to ensure mental demand after each task by NASA TLX . Here they verbally rated mental demand by experimenting combination of driving and performance which helps to answer the question in research.

7. Factorial design here is a mixed factorial design with independent factors age,task and modality. Conceptual questions arise here involves is why only a small sample space has been chosen for the research , as well as regarding tasks which includes both sending and receiving of texts, here more clarity could be given regarding the network conditions of service providers as there may difference in quality and service provided by different network providers as it requires more attention to

Factors here can be classified on the basis of subject, task and modality

Selecting the participants including older and younger generation contributes to subject factor. Sending and receiving of messages contributes to task factor and usage of hand held or in vehicle system for communication contributes to modality factor

Also trying different phones for research like qwerty keypads and others are time consuming compared to an application oriented smart phone like android or ios. A comparison could also have been made between different software application like java,android,bada ,ios as this also contributes more. Also the system specifications like random access memories etc.

Sending and receiving of messages may have impact on overall drivers assessment as there may be change arise in the mental concentration of the participants which pertains the main research question. Participant selection involved different age people so their mental ability and concentration may also differ contributing to the overall performance of drivers whereas using of hand held or in vehicle system may not have further impact in performance as its the sudden act performed accordingly.

A-AGE  T-TASK  M – MODALITY

There are totally 6 independent variable for 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design

the p-values for these main effects, then you can see that the values are less than .0001.  The F-statement and effect size of calculation for age of participant would be: F(1, 18) = 96.71  p < .0001.

8. Data collected by researchers contributed to great extend in solving the research problem, initial data involved task duration,mental demand, number of task related glance its duration, wheel velocity and number of wheel reversal etc. All these data collected affects the performance of participants in such a way that its adverse effects may considered and it warns participants to be aware of the various difficulties that may arise if they doesnt

However reactions to surprise events that may happen while reading a message has not addressed here.However the mental demand of participants while driving is the main contribution of the researchers to the readers. As people behaves to the messages in different ways depending on the state of mental conditions. Here the data collected is not proving towards people with different mental conditions rather it assumes all participants to have the same mental state during driving. This could be considered as null hypothesis. Where as there are many factors analyzed here which contribute to the overall performance of drivers apart from the mental state like the vehicular conditions, visibility conditions of drivers, physical state of drivers while sending and receiving text messages which could satisfy the needs of alternate hypothesis.

Null and alternative hypothesis is indicated as in Anova test with F(1,18) which is maximum for modality and task alone,while different factors considered together F(1,18) is decreased drastically

Through first order interaction its clearly implicated that each dependent measures have a decrease in its values which indicates a positive nature towards drivers performance such that the dependent factors considered here is of adverse effects and its result is detrimental, so while pointing a low value means the first order interaction observed for hypothesis test is much appreciable. In the Anova test for hypothesis each values where critically determined and check for various factors like modality ,task,age alone and then by choosing M X T , M  X  A, T X A , M X T X A

Where M is modality

T is task

A is Age

9.Internal validity  contributed in the sense such that the way they presented the results in a structured manner , like presenting each factors based on material , task and age .This had many sub divisions  which satisfies the readers ability to identify and reconcile several factors with which performance of drivers could be analyzed for text messaging. Several factors were analyzed in a structured manner based on the three main factors , it included all the aspect that a driver may consider while text messaging in a vehicle including wheel turnings, glances , steering wheel velocities etc , and we may know the importance of each single factors that may contribute to the drivers performance during the journey.

External validity helped in such a manner that it was clearly understood that older group exhibited degradation of driving performance compared to younger groups, so there can be many factors that may kept in mind if older drivers are text messaging compared to younger once by adopting certain new devices and objects which may not question the performance of older drivers. Here sending of predetermined messages did not result in higher mental demand as well as increase in number of glances. Hand held device contributed more towards degradation of performance. These are all the external validity in the study.