The relationship between Body Mass Index and Body Image perception among a sample of young Saudi women

The relationship between Body Mass Index and Body Image perception among a sample of young Saudi women

This introduction should be 500 to 550 words

This should be concise and describe the nature of the problem under investigation and its background. It should also set your work in the context of previous research, citing relevant references.

Please follow the following notes

1) the aim of the study to explore the relationship between BMI and body image satisfaction (BIS) among a sample of women aged 16 to 35 years old in a country.  

 1) mention the psychological side of this study but do not highlights it , as the theme of this paper is public health and nutrition side.

2) talk about weight gain and exceed  the healthy or normal weight rather than overweight and obesity.

Sart with 1) young women period and how it is important to be healthy mentally and physically and they also more likely to gain weight

Then talk about 2)weight gain in this period among young women

Talk about the3)  What is body image satisfaction (BIS) ?

what factors can effect BIS include culture ….

and why it is important especially for young women to be satisfied about their weight and body image. Write about how can body image can effect a person health physically and mentally.

4)Why it is important to study the relationship between weight status (BMI ) and BID in those women.

Why this is important research?

Here is some literature review

Body image refers to a subjective concept of one’s physical appearance based on self observation and the reaction of others (1) an ideal body image refer to the body size determined by a culture group to maximized beauty and or successa and the optimum physical state as defined by society (1)

Body image is a multidimensional and dynamic concept in which the perceptions of body images and ideas are formed based on experiences, concepts, and behaviors. body image dissatisfaction (BID) is the degree to which individuals experience the difference between their cognitive and ideal weight and body shape [2].

The Around 61–93% of individuals report body image dissatisfaction (BID) (Diedrichs et al. in preparation; Liossi 2003). Growing recognition of the worldwide prevalence of BID and its negative impact on psychological and physical well-being has instigated demands for its recognition as a major public health concern (Bucchianeri and NewmarkSztainer 2014). Body image, defined as “one’s perceptions and attitudes in relation to one’s own physical characteristics” (Cash and Fleming 2002, p. 455) such as weight, shape, height and skin colour, is a multi-dimensional construct that incorporates cognitive, affective, behavioural and perceptual facets.

Negative body image, generally assessed using self-report measures of BID, is defined as “negative subjective evaluations of one’s physical body” (Stice and Shaw 2002, p. 985) and can include negative appearancerelated thoughts (e.g., ‘I am ugly’), feelings (e.g., selfconsciousness, appearance-anxiety) and behaviours (e.g. excessive appearance-checking). Those experiencing positive body image,

often assessed using self-report measures of body appreciation, tend to respect and appreciate their body regardless of its appearance, engage in body-protective health behaviours and reject “unrealistic media appearance ideals” (Tylka and Homan 2015, p. 91). BID can span a lifetime, and disproportionately affects women, although men are increasingly affected (Tiggemann 2004). BID is associated with health behaviours including disordered eating. Overweight or obese people are commonly subjected to pervasive weight-related social discrimination and are often stereotyped as unattractive, lazy, immoral and dishonest (Latner et al. 2005). Individuals can internalise this stigma by accepting these beliefs, fearing stigma from others, engaging in self-devaluation, and holding weight-related self-stigmatising attitudes. This is collectively known as weight self-stigma (Lillis et al. 2010). Weight self-stigma is closely related to BID, and has been associated with a range of negative outcomes including feelings of isolation, poor psychological functioning, binge eating, depression and other psychiatric symptoms (Wott and Carels 2010). Rather than serving as a motivator for weight loss, those experiencing weight self-stigma are more likely to engage in unhealthy behaviours that impede weight loss.

heightened anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, reduced quality of life and risky Those affected may use crash-diets, laxative and diet pills and vomiting in attempt to change their body shape and weight (Bucchianeri and Newmark-Sztainer 2014; Ganem and Morera 2009).

Identifying effective psychological interventions to reduce BID is therefore a priority for healthcare services. Despite extreme and widespread social pressure to be thin in society, rates of obesity have substantially increased over the past 50 years (Finucane et al. 2011). Recent figures show 40.4% of women and 35% of men in the US are classed as obese and this is set to increase to 50% by 2030 (Wang et al. 2011). Consequently, the gap between the ‘ideal’ body size and the body of an overweight or obese person is growing. As the discrepancy between ‘ideal’ and actual body size increases, so does the risk of BID and weight-related selfstigma (Bessenoff and Snow 2006).

Body image is a multidimensional construct consisting of perception (e.g., evaluation of body size), affection (e.g., satisfaction or dissatisfaction with body image) and behaviours (e.g., through exercising or dieting to control or change body appearance) [1]. Moreover, body image dissatisfaction (BID) is the degree to which individuals experience the difference between their cognitive and ideal weight and body shape [2]. Whether in a crowd of college students or adults, the phenomenon of dissatisfaction with body image is widespread, with research suggesting that high rates of body dissatisfaction reach up to 72% and 61% among women and men in North America, respectively [3,4].

Given the current opinions about body image, especially in Western cultures, women, due to social media pressure, are expected to be thinn

From body image in prgranancey

Body image is a multidimensional and dynamic concept in which the perceptions of body images and ideas are formed based on experiences, concepts, and behaviors. The relationship between the body and cognitive processes such as beliefs, values, and individual and/or social attitudes comprises body image perception, that is, an individual’s perception of real and desirable body attributes (Paludo et al., 2011; Petroski, Pelegrini, & Glaner, 2012). The evaluation of body image perception is important because it can represent the individual’s susceptibility to social, cultural, and epidemiological changes in a society, and how these changes can impact self-perception (Laus et al., 2014; Petroski et al., 2012). In particular, adolescents tend to be more susceptible and influenced by social and physiological changes. The acceptance of these changes and how adolescents deal with them in front of friends, family, and community are essential to body image perception (Fidelix, Silva, Pelegrini, Silva, & Petroski, 2011). When body image dissatisfaction occurs among adolescents, other psychological and health problems may appear, such as

Factors associated with body image envirmantal and culture play a role Here emphziz the

Figure1 Body image figures (Stunkard et al. [24]).

Results:

Table 1 outlines the characteristics of 226 participants. Mean age of participants was 21.8 years with SD=3.2. The mean weight for participants was 55.28 kg with SD=5.5 and BMI mean was 22.57kg/m². For the category data and as shown in Table 1, the majority of participants were single with 88.5 %( n=200), married was only 10.6% (n=24) of the whole sample. Most of the participants has income of 5000SAR-12999 SAR with 38.1 (n=86), the rest income category ranged between 17.3% and 24%.  99.1% (n=224) of the participants have no diseases and only 2 has diabetes. The majority of participant (61.5%, n= 139) classified with a normal weight (BMI 18 To 24.9 kg/m2), while 17.7% (n=40) were obese and only 5.3% (n=12) were obese.

Of 226 participants 182 (80.5%) dissatisfied with body image. Most of them desired to have smaller body 135 (59.7%), while 47 (20.8%) desired to have larger body size.

Table 1 Participant’s characteristics (N=226).

Figure1 presents the percentage between BMI with its four categories and the body image satisfaction. Underweight category has 15.5 % (n=35) with a quarter of satisfied participants, and three third are unsatisfied and want to add weight. Normal weight has the large number with 57.1% (n=129), quarter of them are satisfied and the rest are unsatisfied.

Overweight and obese are close to quarter of the sample with an indication of their care to lose weight and all are unsatisfied of their weight.

Figure1: The distribution of participants in different BMI by Body image satisfaction (BIS) (N=226)

Table 2: distribution of Body image distortion across actual BMI among young women (n=226)

Table2: overall 64% of participants estimated their body adequately, and 24.3% underestimate their body size and only 11.1% overestimated their body size, 44% of those were normal weight 66.9% of those with a normal weight estimated their wright right, while one third (32.5%) underestimate their body size.  Almost half of those with overweight adequately estimate their weight, while 42.9% underestimate their body size.  While all those with obesity underestimated their body size. Of those who were underweight, 20% overestimate their body size.

Correlation between BMI and BIS and :

Table 2 show the correlation, relationship between the BMI and Body image satisfaction (BIS) and the other variables including age, martial status.  There was a negative correlation between BMI and body image satisfaction (r=0.135, p<0.05). Those with greater BMI were less satisfied with their body image.

BMI has a positive relationship with martial status (r=0.222,p<0.05), which means those who were married has more BMI.

Also, BMI has a positive relationship with age. That is mean those who were older has greater weight and more BMI value , and a positive relationship with MS (r=0.223, p<0.05) There was a negative relationship between BMI and Income (r=-0.149, p<0.05), Those who had greater salary had a smaller BMI.

Table 3 Correlation between BMI and main variables (N=226).

Discussion: it should be 1300 to 1200 words including 1) implication of the results on public health

  Conclusion: 150 to 200 words

References below must be used

This study

The current study determined the percentage of body image satisfaction (BIS) among a sample of young Saudi female (n=226) and the relationship between BMI and BIS.

Even though greater weight related with greater BID (Ref) but that is can be vary among different community and cultures.

BID associated with insecure attitude and seeking to unhealthy behaviour

Generally most of participants perceived their BMI adequately, however, when all of obese under estimate their BMI and 42.9 of the overweight.    There is a prevalence of weight misconception among bmi catgory and it was vary. This

It is problem that some of those who were underweight overestimate their weight that may explin why some of them want to lose weight and some of those who were normal weight perceived their weight as underweight and that is may explain why some oft them want to adda weight.

Recent research has focused public attention on obesity and distorted body image, and found that cultural norms, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status influence the relationship between BMI and body image (Dinsa, Goryakin, Fumagalli, & Suhrcke, 2012; Wardle, Haase, & Steptoe, 2006)

The prevalence of BIS was 52.7 in Brazil (Costa & Vasconcelos, 2010)

The prevalence of BID was 34.4 in (Jaworowska & Bazylak, 2009)

The prevalence of BIS was 26.4  among Saudi who lived in Almadaian  (As-Sa’edi et al., 2013)

It was 58.2% of female not satisfied with BI(Radwan et al., 2019)

One explanation that they may not happy with the body composition

A low percentage of muscle mass wit high percentage of fat body shape in some parts

Women not happy with their appearance or body parts can lead to emotional eating behaviour

That is impoartnat because we can understand the desire weight among young women and what else

BMI found to be negatively correlated with body image satisfaction as expected, even though this correlation is small with r=-0.135 that

Compare with other studies,

Why is it small because even those who were healthy not satisfied with their body image.

Overall, those young women reported high prevalence (80.5%) of BID and most of them want to lose weight (59.7%). Even though the prevalence of overweight and obesity were low (23.0%). On other hand, the prevalence of healthy weight was high (61.5%) while the prevalence of satisfaction was low (19.7%).  This finding may indict the misconception about the healthy weight and ideal body image among young women. Taking in consideration the culture impact on their satisfaction of body size, as these young women indict that culture and society were the main reasons of ideal body size thoughts. This finding may help to avoid future problematic on weight health issues be raise the awrrance of healthy weight and ideal weight.  Espicaly study shows a link between BID and eating disorders. Ref)

Compare with other studies,

It worth note that 57.6% of those who were healthy weight want to lose weight, and 17.3% want to add weight . Even though there were at the healthy weight

Explain why

Also, 14.3% of those under weight want to lose weight, This percentage consider high and that is a problem

Explain why and it is implication

Also another important results that 2.5% and 8.3% of those who were classified as overweight and obese respectively want to add more weight even though they were over the healthy weight.

The prveiou results indict that this sample clulture had more impact on this sample than the mass media as tey reported

Implication:

Conclusion

As-Sa’edi, E., Sheerah, S., Al-Ayoubi, R., Al-Jehani, A. a., Tajaddin, W., & Habeeb, H. (2013). Body image dissatisfaction: Prevalence and relation to body mass index among female medical students in taibah university, 2011. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, 8(2), 126-133. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtumed.2013.05.001

Costa, L. d. C. F., & Vasconcelos, F. d. A. G. d. (2010). Influência de fatores socioeconômicos, comportamentais e nutricionais na insatisfação com a imagem corporal de universitárias em florianópolis, sc. Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia, 13, 665-676.

Dinsa, G., Goryakin, Y., Fumagalli, E., & Suhrcke, M. (2012). Obesity and socioeconomic status in developing countries: A systematic review. Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 13, 1067-1079. doi:10.1111/j.1467-789X.2012.01017.x

Jaworowska, A., & Bazylak, G. (2009). An outbreak of body weight dissatisfaction associated with self-perceived bmi and dieting among female pharmacy students. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 63(9), 679-692. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2008.08.005

Radwan, H., Hasan, H. A., Ismat, H., Hakim, H., Khalid, H., Al-Fityani, L., . . . Ayman, A. (2019). Body mass index perception, body image dissatisfaction and their relations with weight-related behaviors among university students. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(9), 1541. doi:10.3390/ijerph16091541

Wardle, J., Haase, A. M., & Steptoe, A. (2006). Body image and weight control in young adults: International comparisons in university students from 22 countries. International Journal of Obesity, 30(4), 644-651. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803050