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Urban Studies: Harm Reduction Policies and

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Urban Studies: Harm Reduction Policies and

Social Determinants

Urban anthropology refers to the study of cultural systems. Urban

anthropology also includes the study of identities in cities as well as the

various social-economic, cultural, and social forces that shape the urban forms

and processes This essay will focus on the principles of harm reduction polices,

the effectiveness of these polices and their advantages and disadvantages. The essay

will also major in social determinant of health and their examples, how to use the

social determinants framework to understand the current statistics and

responses to Covid-19, and how well the local community can respond to the pandemic

and the ways the entities can improve their response.

Question 1

Harm Reduction Polices

PART A

The code of belief of harm reduction policy includes opening the injection sites where individuals will use illicit drugs with trained staff present equipped to respond in case of overindulge. This believed as a way to save people in addiction so that they can reconnect with society and get health services. This way, the drug users will not be ashamed, fear, or use drugs in a dark backstreet. Within the safe space, clean injections, compassion, and care will be available. According to (Gordon, np.), the approach that falls under the policy of harm reduction, the public health philosophy emphasizes on lessening the harms of drug use. The policy goal is to save lives and curb opioid addiction.

The policies would be highly productive the addicted drug users. For the highly addicted individuals and those who are not ready to stop using drugs, the only help that can be offered is helping them to use drugs in the injection sites. To make it more effective, the drug users come with their medications and then given disinfected needles and a comfortable place to consume them (np.). The operators provide information about drug treatment, safer injection advice, and the necessary health services. The staff is always ready with overdose antidote, naloxone, and a breathing mask.

The advantage of the policy is that it is uplifting the society. Research indicates both “the grey and the robust” project to the benefits, explicitly preventing premature death among the society’s most vulnerable population (np.). This is evidenced since no death has been reported to the site. It has concluded that the harm reduction policies promote the safest injection conditions, reduces overdoses, and increase access to health services. Supervised injection sites have not recorded any negative impacts on crime and drug use. The major drawback of harm reduction policy is insufficient budgets for comprehensive services for conducting a high-level evaluation. The harm reduction model of drug addiction treatment has more benefit than drabacks.

Work Cited

Gordon, Elana. “What’s The Evidence That Supervised Drug Injection Sites Save Lives?.” NPR. Org (2018). Retrieved from: https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/09/07/645609248/whats- the-evidence-that-supervised-drug-injection-sites-save-lives.

Harm and Reduction Polices

PART B

 

 

The drug use in some

places is illegal, even to be seen carrying a needle. According to Mark Tyndall

tenet, harm reduction works, and there is no need to keep on emphasizing on

preventing people from using drugs. Making drugs illegal has no link to making

people stop using them. Harm reduction policies do not mean giving up on people

but offering drug users a safe place to use drugs before they can recover.

There is no need for the government to close all the drug stores since the

users will always find a way to reach them.

 

 

Harm reduction site is better for everybody.

The effect of denying the service of incite the population to that it serves to

increase the risk of death. The injection of drug users in glossily

disproportionate to any benefit that Canada might derive from presenting a

uniform stance on the possessions of narcotics. Mark advises that harm reduction

policies is not to show users that drugs are not harmful. Still, it’s just

trying a much better alternative than allowing the drug users to inject and

share needles secretly, which would be ineffective. Despite the pain drug users

go through, most of them are hopeful that they will stop using drugs.

 

 

The disadvantages of

the harm reduction policy are that most of the people do not understand its

importance, and therefore it is highly opposed. Due to the overdose crises, the

government of Colombia allowed the opening of overdose prevention sites, overnight,

thousands of people could use the drug under supervision, hundreds of overdoses

were overturned, and nobody died. Nobody has ever died in the overdose

prevention site. Harm reduction policies are scientifically proven to be

effective in reducing drug-related risks. Health care services, society, and

media, stigmatizes the drug users. Drug users usually avoid hospitals because

their supply chain will be cut, and they be exposed to a lot of shame and

painful memories. Strategy cannot work on something as complicated as

addiction. Drug-related mortality is the leading cause of death.

 

 

Work

Cited

 

 

 

 

Mark Tyndall, (May, 9,

2019). Uploaded by Ted, ‘The harm reduction model of drug addiction

treatment’; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cfzkBGgxXGE

 

 

 

 

Question 2

 

 

 

 

Social Determinants

 

 

PART A

 

 

 

 

The social determining factor of health comprise the

systems that shape the daily life of societies. (Zhao et al. np.), states that

Social determinates of health refer to the state in the environment where a

person born, learn, worship work, play, and age that affect a wide range. The

example of types of social determinants of health includes gender, occupation,

racial segregation, and access to health services and political systems.

 

 

The social determinants

of health have a more significant contribution to the answers to Covid-19. The

social determinants frameworks help to explain the underlying processes that

underpin health inequities. The models include social-economic and political

context and intermediary determinants of health as stated by Zhao. By the use

of social determinants frameworks, it is understandable that current statistics

of Covid-19 show increased cases based on the social determinants of health.

Without vaccine and availability of health care services, the virus is expected

to circulate for years, and deaths related to coronavirus cases will increase.

 

 

Utah has responded to 5724 confirmed cases of covid-19 by making

efforts to flatten the curve. This includes launching a program “A Mask for

Every Utah.” The state-federal entities will provide masks with priority

given to vulnerable populations and essential workers. Zhao advises that each body can improve its

response to covid-19 by ensuring that the healthcare system is not overloaded,

and the state can do widespread testing and contact tracing.

 

 

 

 

Work

Cited

 

 

 

 

Zhao,

Wei, et al. “Relation between chest CT findings and clinical conditions of

coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

pneumonia: a multicenter study.” American Journal of Roentgenology 214.5 (2020): 1072-1077. Retrieved from:

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/18/health/coronavirus-america- future.html

 

 

 

 

Social Determinants

 

 

PART B

 

 

 

 

 

 

The racial segregation is

one of the social determinants of health. The saying, “If a white American

sneeze, Black American catches the flu,” is now literal than ever.

Agreeing with (Gupta, np.), the most downgraded groups bear the brunt of a crisis. Covid-19

highlights the longstanding effects of systematic and structural racism in

America. The social determinants framework shows the uneven distribution of

covid-19 cases as the infection rate is higher in the black community than the whites.

 

 

Most of the Utah

residents live in an area with fewer grocery stores with healthy food options.

The residents have responded by ensuring that health care services are

available to every individual. According to Hannah-Jones, this will have a

massive impact. Researchers have contextualized coronavirus mortality rate gaps

into; chronic health problem in Black community, discriminatory housing

policies and environmental racism; labor force inequalities ad disparities in

access to health care

 

 

The entities can improve their response by changing the myths

about black people. The housing segregation and toxic waste sites should be

developed. Biases in hospitals should be eliminated. The entities should focus

on providing better and equal health care services to all people.

 

 

Work

Cited

 

 

 

 

 

 

Gupta, Sujata. “OUR COMMON GROUND.”

Retrieved from: http://www.mtv.com/news/3162940/nikole-hannah-jones-interview-coronavirus-black-americans/.

 

 

In conclusion, urban

studies include the study of identities in cities as well as the various

social-economic, cultural, and social forces that shape the urban forms and

processes. The harm reduction tenets view addiction as an unavoidable thing. It

is better to provide a safe environment for drug users than trying to prevent

them. The example of social determinants of health includes racial

segmentation, occupation, and access to health care services. Racial

segmentation is predominant in America; the black people are more affected by

the coronavirus pandemic. The only way the entities can improve their response

to the coronavirus pandemic is to provide better health care services that are

not biased.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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