Application of Metagenomics
Introduction
Metagenomics is the scientific study of genetic material in humans or animals, recovered directly from the environment. Of the two classes of metagenomics, targeted metagenomics is the most comprehensive approach as it gives detailed and useful information on species taxonomy. In this article, the sequence-based approach is used, as will be further explained in the methods. DNA is the genetic component in the body; thus, in metagenomics, the composition of the DNA is altered to fit a given situation.
In this paper, we study how diet and exercise affect fat in the gut (Allen, Jacob et al. 748). Most people believe that training can be able to alleviate fat taken in a meal, thus eliminating adverse effects such as obesity through glucose and insulin metabolism. However, it is not the case since it believed they have an anxiety and cognition effect on humans and non-human due to a high-fat diet. The study was conducted on rodents exposed to a high-fat diet, with exercise and others without as well as a healthy diet with exercise and without training. A summary of the study method, results, and the conclusion is documented in this paper.
Methods
The sequence-based approach of metagenomics involves isolation of specific types of DNA from the target location, which in this case, is the gut. The PCR method was used to retrieve the samples. DNA of fecal matter from all samples was purified and profiled using next-generation barcoded sequencing of amplicons from the variable regions of the bacteria, and 16S rRNA. Analysis of paired reads was done using an extension of the TORADO pipeline for taxa operational taxonomic unit using a 300 cycle kit on a single illumine Mi-sequencing run (Allen, Jacob et al. 750). Amplifications were targeted on V3 and V5 bacterial sections subunit 16S using 357F and 962R. PCR method was conducted through the 35 cycles of 98, 70, and 72 degrees for 15, 20, and 15 seconds respectively.
Results
The initial hypothesis was that exercise would reduce the risk of obesity by burning excess fat consumed in the diet through alteration of the gut microbiome. However, activity was seen to cause a drastic change in the phylum Firmicutes and Bacteriodetes. Both yoga and nutrition caused an increase in Tenerecutes in the gut. This data was further analyzed using OTU, each representing bacteria grouped at 97% identical sequencing.
The chart below shows a symbolic analysis of our study. We were showing the effects of exercise and diet on the bacteria found in the gut.
ND- Normal diet
HDF- high diet fat without exercise
ND+ – regular diet with exercise
HDF+ – high diet fat with exercise
Provided below is the link of the article used;
Conclusion
With the method applied, it was concluded that most food and exercise-induced shifts are entirely unrelated. PCR was very effective in this study; thus, the efficiency of the results are to be trusted. More diverse effects of diet or exercise were exhibited based on a different class, phylum, and order. Therefore, it is right to say that the leading cause of obesity in animals and humans is mainly a high-fat diet. Still, exercise does not relatively reduce the possibility of its occurrence.
Work cited
Allen, Jacob M., et al. “Exercise alters gut microbiota composition and function in lean and obese humans.” Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 50.4 (2018): 747-757.