Follow all instructions from the question set, English writing

Follow all instructions from the question set, English writing

• Format (5 marks): Follow all instructions from the question set, English writing, etc.

Section A:

Section B:

B1A: At stage one, Shirley will keep quiet. Step on is the pre-conventional stage. Following rules and regulations characterize the stage—failure to receive severe consequences. Moreover, authority is beyond an individual thinking. Therefore, Shirley will work as per the orders of her boss. She is supposed to what the manager tells her even it is not the right thing to do. Failure to following instructions will lead to consequences such as being fired, salary cut, among others.

B1 (b) answer: From the case study, the two stakeholders will be employees and the consumer council. The Shirley represents the employees. In this case, employees are loyal and to work diligently. They need to be faithful since they have to please their boss. They also submissive. One needs to do what he/she is told without questioning. For instance, Shirley though she knew the requirement for the fish meatball, she had to do what her boss outlined. The consumer council is also a stakeholder. The consumer council is not serious about its work. It realized that the food did not comply with the nutritional labeling rules. However, it did not formulate strict regulations to ensure that the Vegetarian meat adheres to the dietary rules. Therefore, it is characterized by being unethical. It does not follow the ethics of its work. Ethics refers to the moral principle that controls the behavior of the individual. Ethics defines what is right and wrong. Ethics refers to the moral principle that controls the behavior of the individual. Ethics explains what is right and wrong. The council could be ethical by doing what is right. It should have ensured that the restaurant do the right thing. Failure to it have ensured that the business is closed.

B1C: The probability of the Ham factor will be high to Shirley when the customer is harmed. This is because the failure to use the right requirement could result in serious harm to the customer. Moreover, the sufficient protective factors exist, and they could mitigate the risk. Failure to use the right requirement could result in the harming the customers in the restaurant. Even though the customers buy the fish meatball from the restaurant, they do not understand what the requirement is. Therefore, they could be harmed by the food. The harm could result to serious health issues.

B2A: From the case of John and Boris are facing two challenges while making the decision. The first one is the lack of enough resources. For example, they do not have enough resources to research where to establish their enterprise. Therefore, John choose a few countries to carry out research. The few countries hinder the ability to get the best place to develop their business. This is because a lack of resources leads to shallow information that could lead to making inappropriate decisions. For instance, there are many best countries that John could establish their business. But due to insufficient resources, they had to choose Mexico. The comparison was only between the three nations.

On the other hand, Boris is facing heuristic. The heuristic illustrates the mental shortcut that forces individuals to solve challenges and make judgments efficiently and quickly. He has not done the research, but he suggests Mexico. The selection is as a result of having excellent experience in Mexico during his high school study. Therefore, he thinks the case will be the same with the business. The heuristic influence the decision one makes.

Consequently, it influences the thinking capacity of an individual. It makes one to fantasize being in the area, and how the stay was. Therefore, one would assume the situation will be the same if they establish business.

B2 (b) answer: John is facing the certainty condition of the decision making. It’s a condition whereby leaders have complete information before making a decision. He has researched on the three countries (Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil). From the research, he found out that selecting Mexico to be a wise decision. Mexico has the highest chance of reducing labor costs (70%). Therefore, John is facing certainty decision-making conditions.

B2(c) answer: John adopted an analytical decision-making approach. The approach involves using information to make decisions (Agostini, Torras & Wörgötter, 2017). John used an analytical approach since he researched the countries he wanted to select for business establishment. Mexico was chosen since the information shown it had the highest chance of reducing the labor cost.

B2 (d) answer: Intuition could affect how individuals make decisions. The aspects of intuition could include value, experience, affection, subconscious mind, and learning outcome. All these influence the conclusion that individuals make (He & Wang, 2019). In the case study, Boris decided because of the experience. So, his decision was experience-based. He selected Mexico since he had a great experience since he studied high school in Mexico. Therefore, he made an experience-based decision. He thought that the factory would experience the same results.

Section C: 例子用作參考，請用自已文字寫番出黎！！！

C_1_ (a) answer:

The old goal-setting approach is the top-down approach to goal-setting. The approach is based on the top manager setting goals for an enterprise. For example, in BurgerK, the head office established goals for the different outlets. The outlet did not have any say. They had to follow what the manager said without questioning

The new goal of BurgerK is the interactive goal-setting. It is a goal-setting approach whereby workers from different departments of an organization participate in setting the goals (Skinner, 2018). Therefore, it is characterized consensus of many different levels of management. As a result, it involves discussion and cooperation.  Also, in interactive goal-setting, the goal is more realistic. So, there are high chances of the business achieving their set goals. It is as a result of the individual who are working are the ones to make goals.

C_1_ (b) answer: The plan that BurgerK formulated was the strategic plan. The program portrays the desired future as well as the long-term goals of an enterprise. It is the entire plan for the organization. For BurgerK case, it was the overall plan for the enterprise. The top managers planned it.

C_1_(c) answer: The plan that jack wants to pal is the operational plan. It is a plan designed to achieve the organization’s goals at the lower level (Anderson et al., 2018). From its name, it is clear that it is a plan for the operation of the business. Also, the plan could have an expiry date. The plan would tend to be used once. For the enterprise, the plan will be used for six months due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Usually, operational plans are made in case of the disaster happening. For the instance of BurgerK, it was made due to the occurrence of the COVID-19 pandemic. The virus has influenced the operation of enterprises majorly. Therefore, to handle it, the businesses could formulate operational plans.

C_1_ (d) answer:  Short-term and stepping stone goals are the types of goals to be set in Jack’s plan. The stepping stone goals are the ones that one would use to build short-term goals. They are actions that could allow enterprises to attain huge goals (Cambron, Catalano & Hawkins, 2019). Short-term are the goals that could take six months or a year. They are designed to reach the long-term goals. One of the characteristics of the well-written goals is specific. The goals need to be specific for clarity, which enhances goal achievement.

C_2_ (a) answer:

According to the porters, five forces the AAAcos is facing the threat of substitutes, a new entrant in the market, purchasing power of suppliers, competitors, and consumer purchasing power (Lewis, 2017).  The company is facing a threat of the new entrant. This is because other companies are entering the market. Thus, they are affecting the operation of the enterprise since the buyers have a variety of options. Also, the companies are experiencing stiff competition due to new enterprises in the market. The new businesses are, therefore, having an impact on the environment of the enterprise is operating.

Moreover, the purchasing power of the buyers is influencing the competitive edge of the company. It is as a result of the many companies offering the same products. The competitors are providing the same product as AAAcos. Thus there is a substitute for the products.

Furthermore, the company is influenced by the competitors. The company is operating in an environment where there are many competitors. They affect how the company will work since t need to maintain its competitive edge.

Also, the purchasing power of the supplier is affecting the business. There are many companies in the environment that AAAcos is operating. Therefore, there is a high demand for raw materials. This forces the suppliers to increase the prices. Thus, affecting the budget of AAAcos.

C_2_ (b) answer:

According to the BCG matrix, the AAAcos is in the category cash cow (Mohajan, 2017). This is because the company is facing a steady decline in market performance and its market share.

C_2_(c) answer:

The three types of corporate strategies are growth, stability, and renewal (Mangunsong, 2012). The AAAcos Company should adopt a renewal strategy. It is a kind of strategy applied when something in the corporation is wrong. Therefore, the company has to come up with strategies that could handle the declining performance. As a result, the best strategy will be the renewal strategy.

C_2_ (d) answer: The AAAcos Company is experiencing a decline in market performance. The company has many options that it could use before the adverse event occur. It could take a loan, as well as attract new stakeholders. The management could use a corporate renewal strategy for the company to remain profitable.

C_3_ (a) answer:

The SEF Ltd operates under the sole proprietorship type of organization. It is a form of the organization whereby an individual owns an enterprise. In this case, Robert owns SEF Ltd. He has hired workers who serve customers in three nations. Robert has personal liability over the business. He is the one who makes a decision in the company. He employs workers, and he could fire them. In case of any loss in the company, he will be responsible for the loss.

C_3_ (b) answer:

The traditional organizational structure for the SEF Ltd is a simple structure. It is a kind of structure characterized by the low departmentalization, little formalization, centralized authority, and wide spans of control. It is typical for the start-up enterprise. For the case of SEF Ltd, the business does not have many departments. Robert, the owner, has only three full-time workers. He employs the workers on contract when customer’s need to arise. Therefore, the structure is simple. There is little formalization and low departmentalization.

C_3_(c) answer:

The organic structure is more appropriate for the SEF Ltd. The low job specialization characterizes the structure, loose departmentation, and few management levels (Ahmady, Mehrpour, & Nikooravesh, 2016).  This is the case in the SEL Ltd. The company does not have many departments and no job specialization. Also, it does not have many workers. The company has employed only three permanent workers. The others are hired on contract. Therefore, the company does not involve many departments.

C_3_ (d) answer:

Different contingency factors could affect the organizational choices. The factors include strategy, environment, organization’s size, and age, and age (Hoffman, 2018). Among these factors, technology could affect Robert’s decision in the structural choice. Technology is used in the company for its operation. Change in technology could influence the functioning of the firm. Therefore, influencing the decision, the company will make.

References

Agostini, A., Torras, C., & Wörgötter, F. (2017). Efficient interactive decision-making framework for robotic applications. Artificial Intelligence, 247, 187-212.

Ahmady, G. A., Mehrpour, M., & Nikooravesh, A. (2016). Organizational structure. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 230, 455-462.

Anderson, D. R., Sweeney, D. J., Williams, T. A., Camm, J. D., & Cochran, J. J. (2018). An introduction to management science: quantitative approach. Cengage learning.

Cambron, C., Catalano, R. F., & Hawkins, J. D. (2019). The social development model. The Oxford handbook of developmental and life-course criminology, 191, 223-247.

Crane, A., Matten, D., & Spence, L. (Eds.). (2019). Corporate social responsibility: Readings and cases in a global context. Routledge.

Golding, J., Gregory, S., Iles-Caven, Y., & Nowicki, S. (2017). external locus of control orientation [version 1; peer review.

He, Y., & Wang, L. (2019, May). Operation Organization of Express/Local Train for Urban Rail Transit. In 2019 International Conference on Computer, Network, Communication, and Information Systems (CNCI 2019). Atlantis Press.

Hoffman, G. R. (2018). A case study examining how stakeholders experience and perceive changes in organizational structure and culture throughout the paradigm switch from traditional to hybrid secondary education. Indiana University of Pennsylvania.

Lewis, R. (2017). Porter’s Five Forces of competitive advantage.

Mangunsong, R. (2012). Strategic Management | 3 Main Types of Corporate Strategies. Myllurmanagement.blogspot.com. Retrieved 9 May 2020, from http://myllurmanagement.blogspot.com/2012/08/strategic-management-3-main-types-of.html.

Mohajan, H. (2017). An analysis of the BCG Growth sharing matrix.

Morden, T. (2017). Principles of management. Routledge.

Skinner, S. (2018). An Investigation of Organizational Goal Setting: What processes do organizations of varying sizes utilize when setting goals? (Doctoral dissertation, Memorial University of Newfoundland).