ASSESSMENT BRIEF

ASSESSMENT BRIEF

• This assignment is in two parts:
• Ecological map for two individuals identifying their needs and strengths, relationships and social systems from the given case study.
• Accompanying account (2,000 words) of how key theories, models and approaches apply to the eco-map highlighting the two individuals’ assets and resources.

Family members:

Tom (36) son of Pete and Julie. Partner of Daisy (32) and father to Sam and Maia

Daisy (32) son of Trish and May, partner of Tom and she has 3 children, Jade (from a previous relationship) and Sam and Maia (Tom is their father)

Jade (16) daughter of Daisy, no contact with her biological father. ‘Half’ sister to Sam and Maia

Sam (6) son of Tom and Daisy, brother to Maia, half-brother of Jade

Maia (2) daughter of Tom and Daisy, sister to Sam, half-sister of Jade

Pete (62) married to Julie and father of Tom grandfather to Jade, Sam and Maia

Julie (66) married to Pete and mother of Tom grandfather to Jade, Sam and Maia

Trish (51) married to May. Biological mother of Daisy and grandmother to Jade, Sam and Maia

May (52) married to Trish. Non-biological mother to Daisy and grandmother to Jade, Sam and Maia

Mike (86) father of May. Husband of Pam

Pam (82) deceased. Wife of Mike and mother to May.

Case Study

The ages stated in the case study are the current ages of the people involved in the case.

Tom (36) is in full time work as an IT project manager. Daisy and Tom met 8 years ago and quickly had Sam (6), followed by Maia (2). Daisy has had 3 miscarriages during the time that they have been together.

Daisy (32) also has a daughter Jade (16). Daisy had become pregnant at 16 with a boy from school. This relationship lasted a number of years until Jade was 5, but then there was no further contact from Jade’s father.

Prior to having Sam, Daisy was a full time teacher but gave up this position after having Sam so she could care for both of her children. At present Daisy is on universal credit and the family struggle to provide food, heating, general upkeep of the house, clothes and any extras asked for by the school. Jade has been told that the family can use the local food bank but there is a limit to the number of times they can access this.

Daisy has recently asked Tom to leave the family home due to domestic abuse. After the birth of Maia, the abuse got worse and more frequent with Tom saying things like he already had to put up with one step-daughter and he didn’t want to have another daughter, even if ‘it’ was his own. Tom has become increasingly controlling in the relationship and monitors everything that Daisy does. He is frequently physically abusive towards Daisy, particularly when she is intoxicated. Due to a number of police call outs to the property due to Tom’s domestic abuse, Daisy has been referred to domestic abuse services, has been appointed an IDVA and her case has recently been to MARAC. Although Daisy has asked Tom to leave the family home, he continues to turn up at the property and let himself in. At MARAC the police decided they were going to take action and apply for a DVPO on Tom.

Jade (16) has been a young carer for her two younger siblings due to the domestic abuse in the family and the impact that this has had on Daisy. Often the children would see or hear the abusive episodes by Tom. Over the past 6 years, since the birth of Sam, Daisy has increasingly withdrawn from the family and has long episodes of depression where she can stay in bed for days and not leave her bedroom. This is generally when Tom has gone away from the family home after episodes of abuse. He has been known to leave for up to a month at a time. During these times, Jade looks after her two younger siblings and her mother. This involves feeding the family, maintaining the family home, getting Sam to school and Maia to nursery.

Jade is frequently absent from school as she is busy looking after the family and she does not like leaving her mum at home due to fear that she may harm herself or that Tom will return and start his abusive behaviours again. Jade has been hanging out with a group of people who are a number of years older than her when she gets time to do this. Jade has recently found out that she is pregnant.

Sam (6) has difficulties with concentrating and school have asked that he is assessed by an educational psychologist for a possible diagnosis of special educational needs and disability. Sam does not have any after school activities and spends all his time watching TV or playing games on the internet. He does not have friends that he plays with outside of school as he finds it difficult to make friends and does not understand social cues. On occasions school have tried to engage with Daisy as they say that Sam is ‘disruptive’ in class and can be ‘hostile’ towards other pupils in particular girls.

The family live in a 3 bedroomed ex- local authority semi-detached with a garden. The garden however is full of junk and rubbish so it is not safe for outdoor play. Jade tries to keep on top of the general cleanliness of the house but it is rather disorganised although hygienic. There is a lot of clutter and this could be an issue due to having a toddler in the house.

Maia (2) could go to nursery through funding through childcare vouchers, but Daisy does not want to engage with this service. Sure start and the health visiting service have also attempted to engage with Daisy to enable Maia to have some provision, but Daisy does not answer their calls, texts or letters. Maia has recently started walking but does not talk and there could be a possibility that she is selectively mute.

Tom’s parents, Pete (62) & Julie (66) have been partners since leaving school at 16 years old.

Julie has never worked and spent most of her adult life looking after her children. Tom (36) is the only child who is still alive as Julie and Pete’s other two sons were killed in a car accident twenty years ago.

Over the years after the death of her sons, Julie has increasingly used alcohol, prescribed medications and illicit substances as a coping strategy and has been through rehabilitation services a number of times. Julie was traumatised by the accident as she was driving the car at the time of the accident. She survived and her two sons died. Tom, her surviving son was also in the car at the time of the accident, but he had minor injuries. Julie blames Tom for the accident as they were arguing when the collision with another car occurred. During the most severe times, Julie has been known to shoplift to fund the purchase of alcohol and also illicit substances on occasions.

Pete’s mental health deteriorated after the car accident and three years later, at 45 years old Pete lost his job. Pete is angry as he blames Julie for the accident and has said that she should have been concentrating rather than arguing with Tom.

Two years ago, Pete and Julie had their tenancy revoked as they were deemed to be behaving in an anti-social manner due to arguments whilst using drugs and alcohol. Both are now street homeless and are well known within the homeless community. Services have attempted to engage with Pete and Julie over the years including the community alcohol team and the drugs service.

Due to sleeping rough, Pete’s physical health has deteriorated rapidly and he has been admitted to hospital with pneumonia a number of times and has recently broken his leg due to a fall when intoxicated.

Daisy’s parents Trish (51) and May (52) are a stable married couple who both work as teachers. They are aware of the situation with the family and have on occasions taken all the children for short periods of time to give some respite to Daisy and to Jade. May is Daisy’s biological mother but there is no contact with her biological father as Trish and May decided to conceive a baby through anonymous donation. Trish and May’s home is a 2-bedroom flat so they feel they do not have the space to be able to look after the children long term. They want to be more involved with supporting the family and have thought about moving into Mike’s home to be able to accommodate looking after their grandchildren further.

Mike (86) resides with Trish and May. Mike is May’s father. Up until recently Mike lived on his own in their large family home in an affluent area. Mike’s wife Pam died four years ago due to natural causes at 82 years old. Since the death of his wife, Mike has stopped going out socially although prior to this he enjoyed road cycling, going for meals with friends, fell running and being a trustee for a local charity. Over the past four years Mike has become increasingly isolated as he feels that he does not want to be a burden on his friends and family. More recently Trish and May have noticed that his memory is not as good as it used to be and that Mike can appear confused at times although he covers this up in numerous ways such as saying he forgot to write things down. Trish and May are concerned that this is not just due to aging but could be a sign of the onset of dementia. They are currently exploring a referral to the memory clinic. Mike has also expressed the wish to get some help with his feelings around the loss of his wife as he has expressed that he is finding it difficult to cope with the feelings four years on.

Assignment question & briefing (2019-2020)

2,000 word essay and accompanying eco-map

Based on the case study, you will develop an eco-map and then discuss and evaluate life course theories, issues and debates relevant to the case.

Further guidance for students. Basic structure for the work:

• Eco-map
• Essay- 2,000 words max.

Ecomap

• You will identify two people from the case study that must be from different ‘stages’ of the life course. For example, a parent and child; a young person and an older person; a young child and an older child.
• You only need to plan the eco-map for the two people you have chosen to focus on for the essay and any other people/ services relevant to your discussion.
• Students to follow the suggested format that I will demonstrate in the assessment briefing for the ecomap. I have taken a “less is more” approach to this and cautioned against over complicating this.
• You will notice that the case study does not tell you about the relationships between the people described. You are to determine what the relationships will look like between the people described with particular emphasis on the two people you are going to discuss further in the essay.
• Diagrams can be hand-drawn but must include a key.
• This ecomap needs to be at the beginning of your work before you start the essay.
• The eco-map needs to focus on the part of the family that you are going to write your essay about. Don’t include everyone or your eco-map will be too cluttered.

Essay

• Consider the contribution of life course theories to social work practice with reference to the relationship between two of the following:

o Toddler

o Early childhood

o Middle childhood

o Late childhood

o Young people

o Young adults

o Middle adulthood

o Later life/ older people

• Initial thoughts will be around:

o Identifying the two individuals that will form the basis of the essay from the case study provided

o Think about the relationship between the people in the case study

o Think about the issues raised for the people in the case study that you are focusing on.

Essay (2,000 words)

Introduction to the essay to say what you are going to include but also a general introduction to what your understanding of the life course is.

Person one Talk about where this person is in their life course and to talk about this stage of development using theories and to criticise the theories. To talk about which life issues that are having an impact on this stage of the life course and how they may have an impact.

Person two: repeat the above for the second person

Relationship to say how the issues will have an impact on the relationship between the two people that are being focused on (most of you will probably want to talk about attachment across the life course here)

Conclusion

Reference list

General guidance

• The aim is for you to look at the people/ relationships you have identified in the case study and relate the issues raised to the life course theories. I have suggested that if you are including too many theories then the work may become rather descriptive. I have talked about using different theories to provide contrasts and evaluation in the work. There has to be an element of evaluation in the work.
• You don’t have to focus on the “grand” theories (aka those written by dead white men) although they will be a feature in the work. I have talked about using feminist approaches, deconstructing the life stage approach and some of the social constructionist theories for some students’ eco maps.
• I have included feminist theory, loss & bereavement and disability models as theories of the life course as well as grand theories, social constructionism and critical psychology.
• The issues/concepts (e.g. domestic abuse, drugs and alcohol, child neglect, young carers, bereavement & loneliness, homelessness, poverty, mental health) should not dominate the work but rather provide a base from which to discuss how such issues can have an impact on the life course. The essay is about the life course not the issues.
• You need to make links to social work practice.
• You also need to think about how ADP/AOP can be applied. It is not enough to just say that a social worker would use ADP- say HOW this would happen.
• Harvard referencing and if just a warning that if you don’t include a reference list, then 10% of the overall mark is deducted.

Case Study

Here is a basic genogram to give you an understanding of where the people/ family members feature in the case study. Following this outline is a description of the family members featured that forms the case study for the assignment.

Genogram

HAVE A LOOK AT THIS AND MAKE CORRECTIONS PLEASE.

Ecomap (Tom and Sam)

Tom

Sam

• Ecomap Key

Strong Connection

Stressful Connection

Uncertain Connection

Strengthening Relationships and Well-being

Introduction.

This case study is about Sam and his father called Tom. Tom appears to be distressed hence coping with the distress in a rather uncouth manner. Tom, a full time IT project manager, seems to be discontent with his financial status. Usually, a lack of financial security brings about insecurities and other unstable emotional attributes. For that reason, one might tend to either isolate themselves or cope with the situation by inflicting pain to others. It is instinctive, thus satisfying for a man to want to protect and provide for his family; failure to that may cause insecurities to the man (Lyvers et al. 2019). Tom’s father blames Tom’s mother as he believes Tom’s mother was the adult when the accident occurred due to Tom’s mother and Tom having an altercation in the vehicle while Tom’s mother was driving thus Tom’s mother would have been the bigger person and handled the dispute in a civilized manner.

The resentment Tom receives from his immediate environment only makes him reciprocate the same energy as a coping mechanism (Wykes and Welsh, 2008). On the other hand, Sam, Tom’s son, appears to be affected by the violent acts- both verbal and physical committed by Tom to his wife, Daisy. The unstable family conditions that Sam is subjected to make him more anti-social as he tends to isolate himself from his peers. This paper will decipher effective strategies that social workers can use to strengthen relationships and well-being within the context of Tom’s Family using the Anti-Discriminatory Practice (ADP) model. The paper will also describe the important theories that revolve around the psychological and social lives of Sam and Tom.

Statistics on Domestic Violence in the United Kingdom

The following are the recent statistics that revolve around domestic abuse in the United Kingdom (Wykes and Welsh, 2008):

1. Typically, at least 24 people per minute are victims of rape, stalking, or physical violence, primarily via an intimate partner in the UK.
2. At least 12% of men have experienced rape, stalking, or physical violence and have even reported such incidents.
3. An estimation of 48.8% of men has experienced psychological belligerence caused by intimate individuals in their lives.
4. A credible chunk of men has undergone stalking, especially from previous and current intimate partners.
5. An estimation of up to 22% of the children population in the United Kingdom has witnessed physical and emotional abuse first-hand- especially from close relatives and friends.
6. Children who are victims of emotional and physical abuse tend to subject other people through similar experiences.

Following the data, Sam and Tom being residents of the United Kingdom, are no exception. For that reason, this essay seeks to explore and explain the issues raised about the two persons in the case study, the application of theories, models and approaches that affect the persons mentioned above and how to intervene and solve both Sam’s and Tom’s issues through social work.

Tom’s and Sam’s Social Life.

One can hardly determine the relationship between Sam and his father, Tom. This is due to the reason that Tom is an absentee father. Thus, the two individuals above rarely relate. According to the case study, Tom is notorious for disappearing for months. The phenomenon of isolation exhibited by Sam is a symptom of strained interpersonal relationship. Therefore, Sam’s social and communication ability is so impaired that the school pieces of advice that Sam should seek professional help and possibly get admitted to a school that caters to students with special needs (Wykes and Welsh, 2008). Moreover, Sam’s school has been complaining that Sam began getting violent, especially to girls. The violent acts committed by Sam are only a manifestation of what Sam observes, learns, and picks from his parents’ altercation. For that reason, Sam probably assumes that it is a norm to violently abuse girls.

Tom appears to have a toxic relationship with his immediate family members, of which he is the pain inflictor. Case in point, Daisy, Tom’s wife, has reported a series of domestic abuse- verbal and physical inflicted by her husband, Tom. For that reason, Tom has been instructed to leave his family home for Daisy to have ample time seeking domestic abuse services given healing. Also, Tom has no real relationship with his parents- especially his mother. According to the case study, Tom’s mother believes that Tom was the cause of his brothers’ death.

The relationship between Sam and his father, Tom, can be mended through social work intervention (Schiavo et al. 2019). As the case illustrates, both Sam and Tom have been advised by MARAC to seek professional help. Social workers help build bridges; they help affected persons to identify underlying problems, set goals, and find solutions. For instance, a social worker may analyze the issues affecting Tom and his son, Sam. After that, help both of them redefine masculinity and gender roles. This would help Tom realize his role as a father in Sam’s life and how his absenteeism affects Sam’s attitude and perception towards life. Then, the two would need to formulate goals that would keep them working towards attaining a better relationship (Schiavo et al. 2019). Though, at times, social workers may advise for isolation of two individuals if that is the only remedy for the affected persons to gain peace of mind and become socially upright and responsible.

Role of the Social Worker: ADP Model

The Neil Thompson’s Anti-Discriminatory Practice (ADP) model is an approach that is used by social workers among other professional to prevent or manage socioeconomic oppression. The social workers use the model to critically decipher the inherent imbalance of power in an organizational structure within the purview of a wider social, political, and cultural context (Lally and Valentine, 2019). This is done with the aim of developing an egalitarian environment free from discrimination, violence, or oppression through engagements at political and legal levels. The social worker uses the model to respond to oppression by dominant individuals, delivers welfare services inclusively, promotes social and psychological wellbeing and prevents oppressive practices.

Social workers need to employ the role of social factors theory when dealing with Sam’s and Tom’s conditions to improve their social life and mental state. This theory helps in identifying social factors that pose strengths, threats, and opportunities to developing the individual, as mentioned earlier social life (Coles, Gray & Momsen, 2015). For instance, Sam is seen as not engaging in physical activities, thus curbing his social interactions with other people and adding onto his deteriorating mental state. At the same time, Tom goes through resentment from his parents as they blame him for the death of his brothers.

Social work may help alleviate the pain or problem that Sam faced including the strenuous relationship with significant others. However, the social worker must exercise patience as people with dementia are attributed to having memory loss. For that reason, individuals like Sam may not even recall the social worker the following day, and if met with impatience and rude talk, the patient might grow indignant to the social worker. Thus, social workers are generally advised to use something most memorable or dear to such patients as a point of reference. Also, the creation of a good rapport would help through obtaining trust from the patient and finding out how the patient would like to be addressed (Coles, Gray & Momsen, 2015).

Let the patient take charge of how they talk about their condition and how they would want to improve their social cues. Ensure the patient believes and trusts that the social worker has their best interests at heart. This is vital as patients like Sam already have isolated themselves from people due to the pain and hurt inflicted by other people. Therefore, such a patient needs to be taught how to regain trust in other people. A social worker should always keep in mind that their work is not to impose certain factors on patients hastily but to help patients improve their social life. For that reason, social workers should ensure that patients, such as Sam, are treated with the utmost respect. Social workers should not exercise power on patients like Sam (Coles, Gray & Momsen, 2015).

Theories revolving around Sam’s and Tom’s Social Life

1. Social Cognitive Theory. (SCT)

Social factor theory suggests that an individual’s attitudes, beliefs, behaviors and actions are influenced by others through internalization, identification and compliance. According to this theory, the knowledge that an individual acquires is related to how they observe others through interacting with them or having an experience with them. This theory elucidates that a good part of an individual’s knowledge acquisition can be directly related to observing others within the realms of social interactions, experiences, and media influence (Schiavo et al. 2019). The theory postulates that learning occurs in a social milieu with active and joint cooperation of the person, environment, and behavior. It reiterates the effect of social influence affecting an individual as the individual will acquire certain concepts and perform the learned behavior in the same social context. A person’s past experiences are also taken into account, which determines whether behavioral action may ensue. Factors such as reinforcements, expectations, and expectancies are influenced by these past experiences, which decide whether the individual will engage in a particular behavior and the reasons as to why the individual involved in that specific conduct (Schiavo et al. 2019).

Relating to personal behavior change, the following are the fundamental constituents of the Social Cognitive Theory:

1. Self-efficacy- refers to the belief or level of a person’s confidence in their ability to execute a specific behavior. Self-efficacy is majorly influenced by a person’s factors and environmental factors.
2. Behavioral Capability- Refers to a person possessing specific essential knowledge and skills that enable them to perform a particular behavior.
3. Expectations- This refers to the anticipated consequences of behavior change. The likely results mostly affect people’s behavior change as people can predict the outcome of behavior change. Expectancy is not only derived from previous experiences but also the values placed on the results. Furthermore, expectancy usually is subjective to the individual (Schiavo et al. 2019).
4. Expectancies- This refers to reciprocal determinism, where a person attaches a value to the outcomes of behavior change.
5. Self-control- Refers to individuals monitoring and regulating their behavior change.
6. Observational Learning- Expounds that people observe other people’s behaviors and outcomes, and then they may or may not reproduce those actions.
7. Reinforcements- This refers to the promotion of incentives that hearten behavior change.

For instance, Sam’s behavior change and the outcome can be majorly attributed to Social Cognitive Theory. According to the case study, Sam appeared to begin physically abusing girl pupils in school. This behavioral outcome can be attributed to Social Cognitive Theory under the constituent of observational learning. Sam’s father, Tom, would always abuse Sam’s mother, Daisy. For that reason, Sam was ever exposed to domestic abuse, where he watched his father physically harm his mother and, after that, picked up the behavior — explaining why Sam became violent only to girls (Schiavo et al. 2019).

1. Attachment Theory

Attachment theory postulates that a child can only form one attachment which is monopoly which they use to explore the world. The attachment that is formed by the child is used as a prototype for future relationships which means that disrupting it can bring negative consequences. Children who grow without safe attachment relationships are at high risks of developing anxiety and depression. They also struggle with emotional regulation challenges and low self-esteem. This theory asserts that there develops a deep and persistent emotional bond that links one individual to another individual/thing across time and space (Lyvers et al. 2019). Attachment does not always have to be reciprocal. Also, attachment does not necessarily come from babies only; adults too may develop affection towards something or someone. Usually, attachment is characterized by certain conducts such as wanting proximity to the attachment person or thing and showing too much care for the attachment person or thing.

The following are the stages of attachment:

1. Pre-attachment- At first, the individual may not exhibit any form of attachment to the attachment figure. However, the specific attributes of the attachment figure may encourage the individual to remain close.
2. Indiscriminate Attachment- An individual begins to get lured to the attachment figure though the individual is not necessarily attached yet (Lyvers et al. 2019).
3. Discriminate Attachment- After some time, the individual exhibits attachment to the attachment figure and may protest if he/she is put away from the attachment figure.
4. Multiple Attachments- After more time, individuals begin to exhibit attachment to more attachment figures other than the primary attachment figure.

The following are factors that influence attachment:

1. The opportunity for attachment- Lack of an attachment figure tends to make one not develop attachment and vice versa.
2. Quality caregiving- When one learns that they can always depend on their attachment figures offers a vital opportunity for the creation of stronger bonds.

The following are patterns of attachment:

1. Secure Attachment- Asserts that an individual is faced with distress when detached from their figure of attachment and experiences joy and relief when re-attached to the number of attachment (Lyvers et al. 2019).
2. Ambivalent Attachment- For example, when a parent leaves their child, an uncertain child usually becomes very distressed. Often occurs when an individual is attached to an attachment figure that is very unpredictable on its availability hence very unreliable.
3. Avoidant Attachment- Averse that individuals with an avoidant attachment figure tend to avoid their attachment figures over time and would opt for something or someone different from the attachment figure.
4. Disorganized Attachment- Declares that individuals with a disorganized attachment tend to exhibit a confusing mix of conduct and may seem confused (Lyvers et al. 2019).

Case in point, Tom exhibited an attachment to his family. This phenomenon manifests itself in the case study as Tom appears always to stalk his wife and children and come around their family home, although he had a restraining order from the police. Tom was undergoing a pattern of attachment known as a secure attachment where one suffers distress when restrained against their attachment figures and would occasionally feel better if they come near their attachment figures.

1. Erickson’s Psychosocial Theory

Erikson’s describes the intimacy versus isolation stage of the psychosocial theory.  The stage extends from the age of 19 to 40 years.  An individual that develops a sense of self during the adolescent stage is ready to share life with others. The stage is also marked with increased independence from the parents. If the stage is not completed, the young adult will have challenges in developing or maintaining meaningful relationships with long-term commitments. Erikson reckoned that one must have a positive self-concept to maintain a meaningful intimate relationship (Lally and Valentine, 2019. The absence of this would result in loneliness and isolation. Successful attainment of the intimacy versus isolation psychosocial stage results in a sense of commitment, and a happy relationship within the union. Unsuccessful completion of this stage leads to avoidance of intimacy, isolation, fear of long-term commitment, and loneliness. Tom is having challenges in developing and maintaining happy and meaningful relationships. He is lonely and isolated, signifying an unsuccessful completion of the intimacy versus isolation stage of the Erikson’s psychosocial model.

1. Stage Theory

Stage theory says that elements move through stages over time which can be described according to their distinguishing characteristics. These stages that elements move through are distinct and all of them have distinguishing characters. This theory avows that contextual elements in specific systems develop or move in certain stages. Each stage is pigeonholed by a particular type of mental state (Lyvers et al. 2019). The outcome of the stage processes and mental state may manifest in different times and patterns considering the contextual environmental conditions. For instance, Sam’s behavioral change and mental state changed in stages. Sam began to be selectively mute; he then began isolating himself and spending much time watching the television and playing video games, which grew into him being physically abusive to girl students in school. However, this theory is not as practical as the stages do no follow a specific stipulated sequence. One may jump a stage and go through it later, one may undergo the same stage multiple times, or one may never even go through specific steps (Lyvers et al. 2019).

Conclusion

Social work is a vital profession that should not be overlooked. The training of Social work should be inculcated in institutions of higher learning, and students advised to take up the mantle. Most importantly, social workers need to exercise discernment, creative thinking, good decision making, and application of the theories described above that affect human behavior and mental state as the social workers work together with the society as a whole in view to improve people’s mental state and social interactions.  Moreover, it is imperative for learning institutions, media, and any entity or person of influence to mind their engagement and behaviors with the general public and influence positive acumens to children.

Reference

Coles, A., Gray, L., and Momsen, J. eds., 2015. The Routledge handbook of gender and development. Routledge.

Lally, M., and Valentine, S. (2019). Lifespan Development: A Psychological Perspective. Second Edition. Retrieved from: http://dept.clcillinois.edu/psy/LifespanDevelopment.pdf

Lyvers, M., Mayer, K., Needham, K., and Thorberg, F.A., 2019. Parental bonding, adult attachment, and theory of mind: A developmental model of alexithymia and alcohol‐related risk. Journal of clinical psychology, 75(7), pp.1288-1304.

Martel, A. L., & Fuchs, D. C. (2017). Transitional Age Youth and Mental Illness: Influences on Young Adult Outcomes, an Issue of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America. Elsevier

Schiavo, M.L., Primary, B., Saito, I., Shoji, K. and Benight, C.C., 2019. Dynamical systems approach triadic reciprocal determinism of social cognitive theory — mathematics and Computers in Simulation, 159, pp.18-38.

Wykes, M., and Welsh, K., 2008. Violence, gender, and justice. Sage.