Cerebral Ischemic Brain Damage
Introduction
Brain ischemia is the condition that occurs when there is no sufficient supply of the blood in the brain tissues to meet the metabolic activities. This condition causes the inadequate supply of oxygen or hypoxia of cerebral and hence the brain tissue dies or occurrence of ischemic stroke (Littooij, Dekker el. at. 2018). Brain ischemia is a subtype of stroke along with the subarachnoid haemorrhage and the haemorrhage of intra-cerebral. This kind of stroke results to changes in brain metabolism, mitigation in rates of metabolism and crises of energy in the brain. Brain ischemia may be of two types the focal which occurs to a particular part of the brain and the global ischemia which covers most brain regions. Its symptoms may include unconsciousness, blindness, and weakness in the body and difficulties in coordination (Wainwright, McClure el. at. 2017). This paper entails looking at distinct approaches used by Pharmacy Industry in treatment of the cerebral ischemic brain damage. With the current understanding of the mechanisms of the cerebral brain damage and neuronal cell death using known drugs targets. Finally, I will look at various approaches to blood flow restoration and stroke prevention.
Approaches used by the Pharmacy industry in treatment of the cerebral brain damage
Brain tissue damage or the brain ischemia it the primary cause of death and disability in many nations currently. The approaches used to treat ischemic stroke aim at restoring blood flow in the brain tissues as discussed below.
Firstly, we have the approach of surgery-hemorrhagic stroke surgical treatments by an aneurysm, or defective blood vessel can prevent further strokes. Surgery is mainly practised to seal off the blood vessels, which are broken and give direction to the blood flow to other vessels that supply blood to other brain regions (Banks, 2020). This improves the blood circulation and flow within the brain of the patient and hence granting him/her consciousness and ability to coordinate. Secondly, ischemic stroke treatment can be done by using the approach of taking out the obstruction and restoring the flow of the blood in the brain. This is performed by the use of the food and drug administration (FDA). An approved medication for ischemic stroke is the tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), which has to be administered within three-four hours from the start of signs for it to work correctly. Since in most cases, patients with this kind of stroke don’t even reach the health centres to be considered for treatment; the use of plasminogen activator is deficient (Anderson, 2015).
The third approach is medication-involving discontinuation of the statin in patients with ischemia stroke. Statins cut back the risk of myocardial infarctions and stroke, which may result due to high cholesterol. Cessation of statin confers rapid activation of heterotrimeric G-proteins leading to the production of high amounts of reactive oxygen and restriction of NO bioavailability. This approach is very active before the event of stroke (Schlaug, 2017). Statin inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase are commonly applied as cholesterol-lowering drugs, and they reduce the cases of myocardial infarctions in stroke patients. The fourth approach to the treatment of ischemic brain damage is the pharmacological treatment of blood pressure or hypertension. This is mainly done to reduce cardiovascular issues like stroke. There are four most used drugs like diuretics, calcium channel brokers, blockers, and angiotensin enzyme converter inhibitors. These ACE inhibitors help relax the vessels of the blood, lower the pressure of the blood in older patients with a high risk of stroke. It also treats people with cardiovascular risk factors and vascular diseases (Wilterdink, 2018).
The fifth approach is the use of stroke treatment therapies like speech therapy, rehabilitation, physical and occupational therapy. For instance, rehabilitation therapy is crucial as it helps to retrain the brain’s pathways to facilitate physical and mental functioning after the stroke occurred. It is a pertinent recovery after the stroke. The purpose of stroke rehabilitation is to help the patient remember or relearn maybe the skills he/she lost when the stroke affected the crucial regions of the brain. It helps one regain independence and the quality of his life (Ansar, 2018). Another therapy is the physical therapy which allows the stroke patients relearns physical activities like walking and the process of quitting from one moment to the other.
Cerebral vascular insufficiency or low blood flow in the brains is the primary cause of the neuronal death of cells. It is caused by the presence of more fats and other cholesterol substances that clog blood vessels which supply blood into the brain tissues.
Improving blood flow and preventing stroke.
Ways to improve blood flow into the brain are almost similar to those of the heart procedures. They include bypass surgery, stenting, and balloon angioplasty. For instance, we have the retriever mesh tube device attached to a wire which expands itself (Fleetwood, 2016). This device is directed in the blood vessel to the clot that is blocking the blood flow to the brain and pushes the thrombus against the wall of the vessels hence restoring the flow of blood. This is comprehensive prevention to the occurrence of stroke. The use of modern endovascular methods can prevent or stop a stroke by removing blood blockages from the patients with the most significant blockages. Bypass surgery is used to blood flow in the heart and other parts of the body, and the surgeon can use blood vessels from other areas to bypass the damaged blood vessel. Balloon angioplasty is a technique of improving blood flow in the whole body of a human; it is the surgical broadening or narrowing of the blood vessel more so a coronary artery via a balloon catheter. It ensures the smooth flow of the blood and hence preventing stroke (Plotnik, 2018).
Conclusion
In conclusion, this paper has outlined several approaches to the treatment of the cerebral ischemia brain damage, which include the medicinal, use of surgeries, and therapies. All these treatments are done at various stages depending on the state and the phase of the stroke. They include the treatment of hypertension, the use of enzyme converters, discontinuation of statins in the patients and many others. The paper also discussed the techniques to improve the flow of the blood in the brain, which includes the balloon angioplasty, the bypass surgery, and use stenting method. I would recommend that these techniques are fitted in every health centre to help respond to emergency issues of strokes.
References
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