Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR)
One of the community-based participatory research is Students Against Nicotine and Tobacco Addiction (SANTA) that partners with administrators, teachers, and students in the provision of both mental and medical health services at the Minnesota-based Job Corps. The research involves elements that are synchronous and multiple such as physical activities, modifications that have a purpose to the campus policies and environment, peer support, and on-site smoking and drinking cessation education best designed to fit the complications that students face due to smoking (Mendenhall et al., 2014). The present research aimed to evaluate the stress types of young adults who have a dependence on smoking and drinking, and they type of activities the students participate in and their readiness towards change.
Quantitative data analysis of five campuses through the use of surveys is carried out. The rate of response to each inquiry was 85% and above. The most common stress types obtained were; being homesick, lacking freedom, looking for job struggles, financial instability, facing Job Corp rules, and conflicts with family. Most students seemed to participate in physical activities; however, the non-physical activities were seemingly predictive to bring more beneficial change. In approximation, a third of the participants were at the starting point of being dependents on smoking. 74% had the intention of quitting within the next six months as almost half of them were to leave in a month.
In conclusion, the most significant way to reduce smoking and drinking of students was through the non -physical activities; thus, in the future, more students should be encouraged to venture into non-physical activities together with support and conventional education.
Community Health Needs Assessment (CHNA)
In China, the last few decades have led to the establishment of community health services. Community health needs assessment has been done to use limited health resources effectively. The main goal of conducting a community health needs assessment is to get to understand the health problems of the community and potential factors affecting, resulting in risky behaviors. The precede-proceed model for the evaluation of needs was the method used.
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) were discovered as the leading health problem in the communities of research. The CVDs risk factors were alcohol drinking, smoking, eating unhealthy, and lack of physical activity. Predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing elements were classified to be the ones negatively affecting behaviors.
In conclusion, CVDs were the main health problems within the communities of research. Predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors are to be considered in the strategies of behavior change. Upcoming programs of health are to focus on alcoholism, smoking, eating unhealthy behaviors, and lack of physical exercise.
Case-Control Study for Alcoholism in Young Adults.
The researchers put to the test the hypothesis that in the life of the previous year, violent mannerism is on association for completion of suicide despite the control of alcohol use adverse effects (Conner et al., 2001). A risk factor for suicide is showcased through violent behaviors hence, making it the objective of this case study.
The researchers use the method of data analysis, which was from the National Mortality Followback Survey 1993. The survey was done national wide through interviewing of the next of kin decedents using telephones. The data obtained showed that 753 of the victims were due to suicide, while 2,115 victims were due to accidents. The decedents interviewed had an age range of between 16 and 22, in evaluating alcohol misuse, age, and gender, respectively. A four-item closed questionnaire on use. In evaluating alcohol misuse, age, and gender, respectively, obtain measures about alcohol misuse history and the past year’s violent behaviors that led to violent acts. Multiple logistic regression is in use to predict suicides versus the deaths by accident. Racism and education are also in use as covariates.
The results showed that most young adults, women, and persons with zero alcohol misuse history have a significant rate of suicides due to violent behaviors of the previous year of life. In conclusion, suicide victims are different from accident victims through violent actions making use of alcohol, not the only disorder (Conner et al., 2001). Since violent behaviors increase the suicide risks, to decrease, there is a need for measures that prevent violent actions.
Retrospective Cohort Study for Alcoholism in Young Adults
The goal of the study was to discover the long-term employment trajectories of young adults who are alcoholics. The method was the use of retrospective market labor participation histories of young adults aged between 18-34. Information on the months of employment and unemployment, type of economic activity, and educational attainment of the participants was obtained from the record of Statistics Finland. Information on the alcohol-related cases of hospitalization and deaths was used to define alcoholics with an early onset limited and persistent course and the late-onset drinking problem.
The results showed that early-onset persistent alcoholics faced unemployment with only 12% employed during their employment age than the early onset limited course problem drinker who had a 39% employed.
In conclusion, young adults with an early onset persistent drinking problem would face a high rate of unemployment during the very early stages of their life, and their employment trajectory is worse compared to that of other problem drinkers (Paljarvi et al., 2015).
Prospective Cohort Study for Alcoholism in Young Adults
The goal of the study was to evaluate the relationship between drinking alcohol and mortality risk in young adults. This took place in twenty-seven working places in the west of Scotland. The method used to obtain information was the use of questionnaires and interviews on males’ drinking of alcohol in a week.
The results obtained were that never-drinkers and men who consumed 14 units every week had a similar risk for mortality. High mortality risk was seen with alcohol drinkers who took more than 22 units every week, having a mortality risk from stroke compared to never drinkers. In conclusion, males drinking 22 units and above per week are prone to risk mortality (Hart et al., 1999).
The kind of study design that would be more applicable for my capstone project is the case-control study. Case-control study strength is that it seeks and identifies possible outcomes and is essential for outcome studies. They often generate the hypothesis that it is possible to study cohort studies (Mann, 2003). kind of study design would be more applicable for your capstone project.
In my capstone project, I would use qualitative data. The type of qualitative data I would use would be the ethnographic participation study.
Strengths and weaknesses of ethnographic participation.
In ethnographic participation, one observes the behaviors and asks questions about the cultural norms of the participants. The strengths of carrying out an ethnographic study are; They help create an understanding of the culture of the participants, and they can obtain the influence of the participant’s culture towards their case of study. It is suitable for studying complex cultures and social interactions that are too complex for quantitative methods such as the use of surveys and statistical analysis. The weaknesses of using ethnographic research are that they need extensive training and practice on interviewing techniques, data collection methods, note-taking analyzing processes, and face language barriers according to the culture they plan to study. The ethnographic study is also time expense as researchers have to build trust with their participants. It also brings in ethical-based issues as researchers have to be careful not to cause exploitation to their participants and not to bring in their own study experience that would prejudice the culture to the study.