Greek architecture and building that influences the religion is commonly the temple and basilica
The belief is that physics state standards to achieve the goal and answers to the building. But the art is the aesthetic that set the question and task of the building. Magnificent of the building is a real inspiration to the modern era, but the only flamboyant test comes to real as that span to the present times. What makes time to tell is the remains of the beautiful architectural forms. The traditional architecture and design provide the link ‘of the culture spanning time and space, keeping the legacy of ancient times. Greek architecture is the foundation of modern western architecture. Roman architecture brings art into life with magnificent structures with an aesthetic test that unbound art from the thought chains of physics. The proportions and profiles provide the identity of orders utilizing the decorative details with the configuration of the. The classical orders are Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. The building that influences the religion is commonly the temple and basilica
Greek architecture
It is between the 900 B.C.E. to about the first century C.E. These ancient architectures best description of the Greek-speaking people’s inhabitance of the Greek mainland and the Peloponnese, the islands of the Aegean Sea, the Greek colonies in Ionia and Magna Graecia (Mylonopoulos, 2014). It is during this time that stone architecture was key. It is from this architecture that greatly influences the roman architecture. The Greek architecture intensely changes the mode architects design through the introduction of Greek elements, especially the Roman Imperial.
Temple
The most notable Greek structure is the temple. The construction of the temples was in honor of the divinities. The mode of construction in the early tenth-century B.C.E. was to last a short period, where wood and mud-brick composed most parts of the materials. The architectural form was a mainly simple rectangular room with a protected wall creating a shallow porch. Later in the eighth century B.C.E. adapted the permanent materials mainly the stone (Jenkins, 2006).
In the period of Archaic, there were the tenets of the Doric order of architecture leading to the influence pf monumental temple building in the Greek mainland. Between the fifth and the sixth centuries B.C.E., investment on substantial resources in temple building, which was of strategic and economic terms. Athens, a Greek city-state, concentrate more resources for the building of the Acropolis (Jenkins, 2006. The construction was significant to the Athenians in honor of their gods, in beliefs of the supremeness that their rival states offered.
Hera on the island of Samos, the architectural development was multi-phased for sanctuaries. The technique significantly relates to the changes over a period and the sacred spaces. The design of the later phases utilizes the direct atop of there former. The most known is the Periclean Parthenon of Athens, a Doric order structure. It was an expression of the maturity of the classical form.
Greek temples grouping was in terms of their layout of the ground and the grid arrangement of the columns. For the column arrangement, amphiprostyle temple characterization of columns was at both the front and the rear while a prostyle temple has the front location of the columns. Temple with a single encasement of the columns was peripteral. On the other hand, the dipteral temple had twin encasement. Temple with the circular layout is the tholos, the common one is at the sanctuary of Apollo in Delphi and the Asclepius at Epidauros.
Classical Architecture Order
The proportions and profiles provide the identity of orders utilizing the aesthetic details. The configuration of the column identifies the order of the column, which develops the structure as a whole. The remains of the Greek structures serve as the order description. The orders are Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian.
The Doric order
It is the earliest among the classical orders. It plays a key role in the Mediterranean at the time monumental construction led to the utilization of stone from impermanent materials such as wood. The traits of the column were plain, unadorned column capital and a column without a base resting on a stylobate of the temple (Hollinshead, 2015). The doric columns’ upper part comprises of the frieze and the metopes. The frieze has vertical plaques with division, while the metopes characterization is of square spaces which are either painted or sculpted decoration. The proportionality of the Doric columns are fluted and are sturdy.
The origin of the Doric order for the temple building was on the Greek mainland in the late seventh century B.C.E. spanning through to the fifth century B.C.E. The influence of the Doric impacted the notable buildings such as the canonical Parthenon. The remains of the temple of Apollo at Thermon due to the metope plaque seen from 575 BCE (Hollinshead, 2015). Another example of the remains of the elements is the sanctuary of Hera at Argos and the temple of Athena Pronaia as the early capitals of Doric capitals at the Delphi Greece. Designers Iktinos and KalliKrates are response for the Parthenon at Athens in 447-432BCE.
Ionic Order
the order origin is Ionia which relates with the name, which is a coastal region of central Anatolia, present-day Turkey. The Ionic order traits are volutes which are scroll-like ornaments, and a base supporting the column. The ionic technique first seen in Ionia during the mid-sixth century B.C.E., and later adopted in mainland Greece by the fifth century B.C.E. Ionic capital is the earliest with an inscribed votive column from Naxos, dating to the end of the seventh-century B.C.E. Another example is the monumental temple, in honor of Hera on the island of Samos designed by architect Rhoikos, construction was between 57-560 BCE, which later destroyed the earthquake. Also, the temple of Artemis at Ephesus in the sixth century, which is a wonder of the ancient world.
The beauty of Ionic order influence present in some elements of the Parthenon, where the cella incorporates ionic frieze for encircling. Another impact of this order is in the interior of the monumental gateway heading to the Acropolis. Aesthetically the Ionic influence thus improves an exterior order in the construction of the Erchtheion on the Athenian Acropolis.
The identity of the ionic order characterizes by a more slender and elegant profile comparing with its processor. The beauty of the ionic order, as described by Vitruvius, the ancient Roman architect as more feminine while the doric order being a module to a sturdy,
male body. This description leads to one describing the ionic order as beautiful while the Doric order as handsome. Ionic has a running frieze of continuous sculptural relief.
The Corinthian order
It is the latest of the order and the most detailed of the classical order. Present to both the Greek and Roman architecture with little variations. The variation gave later gave birth to the Composite order. It is from the city-state of Corinth that is the origin. The earliest of this order comes from the temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae, with archeologists dating it to 427 BCE (Rhodes, 2003).
The characterization of the corinthian order is more complex, carved capital, with more vegetal elements than Ionic does. It is at the adjustment of the capital that the stylized, craved leaves of an acanthus plant grow, ending just below the abacus. The corinthian order influence more the Romans due to the slender properties. A wide range of notable architectural monuments adopted the order, which includes the Maison Carrée in Nîmes, and the Temple of Mars Ultor, the Pantheon in Rome.
Roman Architecture
Unlike the Greek architecture that had all monumental architecture, the Roman architecture had the grandeur of their building with large external. The impressiveness of the building design was more outside. Architects designed for the building to rely on a post and lintel system. The columns like were the use of the upright posts, with lintel are of the horizontal block.
Their lintel is massive; thus, the space for the interior of the building has a limitation on size. Moore of the inner space provides dedication to the heavy loads. Roman architecture was more dedicated to experimentation and exploitation of concrete, arches, and vaulting. The interest in the development of Roman architecture was more concentrated on shaping interior space (Barchiesi & Scheidel, 2010).
Materials and innovations
In the early time of the Romans, long before the utilization of the concrete on the building. The volcanic stone was vital for building construction. The exterior of the building was travertine used due to durability. Later the marbles gradually crouch into the development of the building during the republican period displaying extravagance.
The stone blocks for the construction require the provision of a bonding agent that is the mortar. Later the Romans instead used pozzolana in their mortar for being reliable and durable. When bricks and tiles used as the cladding of the concrete due to its unappealing aesthetics. As there was a great need for exploitation of innovation, the wedge-shaped stone blocks provide a right arch. The arch that previously used required the stone to lay at about the center as their elevation height increases.
The wedge-shaped blocks were in the center, holding them adjusted in place. The transfer of the loading on the true arch is from one voussoir down to the next, from the top of the arch, creating a sturdy building tool. The true arch provides a more substantial spanning length than a simple post-and-lintel (Claridge et al., 2010). The incorporation of concrete and stones in the combination of the true arches was the birth of vaults and domes.
As the marbles materials of building spread widely in the Roman empire led to the use of stone choice being state-funded building projects. It is due to the availability of marble in the Roman empire, the Parian in Paros, and the Pentelic in Athens marbles.
The orders
The architectural order comprises of the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. The Corinthian order of birth later influence the architectural culture of the Roman buildings. Innovative Romans architects never ran out of ideas on the Corinthian order. Their creativity brought the beauty of the art into the building by more decoration. The Corinthian capital of the Roman version was more decorative and cornice; an example is the Arch of Septimius Severus in Rome (Barchiesi & Scheidel, 2010). The blending of art and design of variation of order led to the creation of composite capital characterize by the volute of the Ionic order with acanthus leaves of the Corinthian. It is from the inspiration of the Doric column that gave birth to the Tuscan column characterize by the smaller capital, more slender shaft that has no flutes, and molded base. It is during the Renaissance period that the Tuscan column was common, especially in domestic architecture such as peristyles and verandahs. The Romans used monolithic columns more comparing to the Greek approach that drums stacked on top of each other.
The columns utilization could be for both structural and non-structural purposes. The non-structural columns give the tradition and familiar look; an example is the front of the Pantheon in Rome. The freedom of the column allows for the detaching from the building allowing the façade attachment to be at the base and entablature, for example, the Hadrian’s Library in Athens. Lastly, the columns as part of the wall itself and serves as an aesthetic element for decoration; an example is the upper floors of the Colosseum (Spawforth et al. 2010).
The significant impact of the greek architecture is also in the late Republican innovation, like the basilica and bath buildings, occurring first in the south of Italy in Campania, which compared to the Greek colonies of Magna Graecia. Afterward, the birth of the oldest dome building, the frigidarium (cold room) of the Stabian Baths at Pompeii. The limitless of ideas of the Romans evident in the enormous imperial bath with very large spanning, complexes incorporated soaring arches, and arches springing directly from column capitals.
The Roman Buildings
Basilica
The adoption is by the Christian church, seen as a place for any large gathering. Alternatively, common purpose serves as a law court. The construction usually along one side of the forum, providing enclosing on all sides by colonnades. The basilica roofing supports were the columns and piers on all sides. The columns offer a central nave flanked on all sides by an aisle. The Severan Basilica at Lepcis Magna is an example where the gallery surrounded the first floor and an apse at one or both ends.
Temples
The incorporation of the Etruscan and Greek forms with inner cella at the rear of the building with columns as the surrounding and place on the raised platform and steps provide access. The centroid of the building is the entrance with steps and the columned porch as opposed to the Greek temple, where all four sides play a role in the urban landscape.
Conclusion
Roman architecture brings art into lifely with magnificent structures with an aesthetic test that only time will tell. Their limitless innovation effort led to the combining of the variation of material that never existed. Roman architecture is the master key that opened physics and unchained architecture into the freedom of art form. From this, the test of the superiority of Rome culture due to the wealth, skills, and daring to produce such edifices.
The impact of the Romans combing the use of concrete, brick, and arches in building like the basilica gave a never-ending influence in architecture to the present day.
Greek architecture is the foundation of modern western architecture. The magnificent building stands with a questionable life span, and tills inspire admiration. Greek architecture now stands as the iconic symbol of ancient Greece.
References
Barchiesi, A. and Scheidel, W. eds., 2010. The Oxford Handbook of Roman Studies. Oxford University Press.
Claridge, A., Toms, J., and Cubberley, T., 2010. Rome: an Oxford archaeological guide. Oxford University Press.
Oleson, J.P. ed., 2008. The Oxford handbook of engineering and technology in the classical world. Oxford University Press.
Spawforth, A., Eidinow, E. and Hornblower, S. eds., 2012. The Oxford Classical Dictionary. Oxford University Press.
Mylonopoulos, J., 2014. Buildings, Images, and Rituals in the Greek World. The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Art and Architecture, 326, p.351.
Jenkins, I., 2006. Greek architecture and its sculpture. Harvard University Press.
Hollinshead, M.B., 2015. Shaping ceremony: monumental steps and Greek architecture. University of Wisconsin Pres.
Rhodes, R.F., 2003. The earliest Greek architecture in Corinth and the 7th-century temple on Temple Hill. Corinth: Results of Excavations Conducted by the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, pp.85-94.