In order to build a more democratic society, we need more stability, more economic equality, more rights and civic participation for immigrant Americans.
History Graduation Portfolio Spring 2018 Public Consciousness “It is […] for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us — that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion — that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain — that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom — and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.1” — Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address, 1863 What do we owe the dead? Lincoln spoke about the need to honor those who have died fighting for a more equal society. This speech continues to reverberate through our society today. We study it, we memorize it, but do we honor it? What does it mean to have a government of the people, by the people and for the people? Today very few people participate in civic life. And there are many people who are employed, engaged and active for their own profits. In the United States, according to study by the Center for American progress on the topic of work and family life balance, 85.8 percent of males and 66.5 percent of females work more than forty hours a week. In the United States, people work 137 more hours per year than people who work in Japan, 260 more hours than people who work in England, And 499 more hours than people who work in France2. It is obvious that people in the United States would struggle to participate in their communities, because they devote time to generate more money. This operation is causing people to have less connection in social life. Bringing the community together and advocate for excellent work. It results in decreased rates of engagement with public institutions and community organizations. Wendy Spencer, Chief Executive of the Corporation for National and Community Service reports that there only 138 million American adults, or 62.5 percent, have volunteered or were involved in helping the community at some point in their lives3. The question is how could we get the other 37.5 percent of the population to be involved in activities and organizations that will help us to build a stronger connection? Furthermore, 46.9 of the eligible voter who did not vote in the 2016 election. This number of voters was lower compared to 2012 and 2008.4 How can we get people to vote? These questions impacts our democracy in an unconditional way. It is necessary for people to participate and to devote some of their time towards better society. Build a larger movement that will bring more attention. If we were able to bring lots of attention to the issue, through civic and public life, we could be able to discuss it and try to solve it. In order to build a more democratic society, we must raise public consciousness about the undemocratic aspects of our society through print material, speeches, direct action, and celebrities. Historical Context In order to know how to effectively raise consciousness, it is important to understand the history of social change in the United States. Societies can shift more towards hierarchy and oppression or more towards democracy. The colonial era saw the imposition of British hierarchies on Native North America. In 1607 British have arrived in Virginia to be considered as the first colonization in United States. In 1620 European founders arrived in Massachusetts by and controlled lands. By 1650 England created a presence on the Atlantic Coast in need of shipping enslaved persons. Ideas of and desires for property ownership influenced colonial development and expansion. Slavery was adaptable for people who owned farms and properties. Enslaved people worked as cheap labor like instead of hiring a free person and get him paid, slaves work for cheap price and more hours and that is why slaveholders fought for their life to keep slavery on track. The benefits and sales of trading slaves was an economic motive for the colonists to enslave Africans. In the 1700s, enslaved 1 “Gettysburg Address.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 3 June 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettysburg_ 2 Nick, et al. “The U.S. Is the Most Overworked Nation in the World.” 20somethingfinance.Com, 2 Jan. 2018, 20somethingfinance.com/americanedusson.comhoursedusson.comworkededusson.comproductivityedusson.comvacation/. 3 O’Neil, Megan. “Americans’ Engagement With Organizations Wanes, Report Says.” The Chronicle of Philanthropy, The Chronicle of Philanthropy, 17 Dec. 2014, www.philanthropy.com/article/Americansedusson.comEngagementedusson.comWith/152055. 4 “2016g.” United States Elections Project, www.electproject.org/2016g. people started to make a growing population, Britain had 13 colonies on the East Coast of the United States, in the early 1800s the population of the enslaved people reached over 2 million. Because of the injustice of slavery, a group of people decided to establish a movement called the Abolitionism, a political and social movement to push for the populace to demand immediate emancipation. The Abolitionist movement started in the late 18th century. Abolitionists used several strategies to resist and end slavery in response to the American Colonization Society. The abolition movement brought achievements for enslaved people. The results of the Abolition movement is being attractive on slavery. On January 31, 1865, as a impact of the pressure by the abolition movement Congress has passed the 13th amendment, essentially banning slavery in the United States. In 1954 the Civil Rights Movement started. It was a struggle for social justice, it mostly included African Americans and people from other races to invest equal rights. The leader of this movement named Martin King Luther JR. Civil rights movement included many strategies that pushed the U.S government to give rights for African Americans. For example, people who participated in civil rights movement marched, gathered, and boycotted. Which means they took a direct action5. Printed Materials In order to raise consciousness, we need to use printed materials because it will aid us to the undemocratic conditions that is affecting our social life. Therefore we could study it, discuss it and try to solve it. Once we start debating and focusing on our undemocratic society, we will be able to make the consequences visible which will make people aware and get them to be socially engaged. Newspapers can be influential and motivational, For example, in 1831 William Lloyd Garrison established the newspaper in Boston called “the Liberator.” It was an antiedusson.comslavery newspaper that attacked slavery and the lack of equality. In the early 1800s the abolition movement had time of inactivity but, Garrison used the Liberator to recharge to the abolition movement in response to the American Colonization Society, which was a dominant dialogue about slavery. The Liberator included multiple essays that targeted slavery and the consequences of it. Garrison wrote in the Liberator demanding immediate enfranchisement, he also argued that women should live in equal conditions such as men. Garrison also often used lines from the Declaration of Independence in his editorials in the Liberator to raise consciousness: “A ssentingtothe”selfedusson.comevidenttruth”maintainedintheAmericanDeclarationofIndependence,”that all men are created equal, and endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights — among which are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness,” I shall strenuously contend for the immediate enfranchisement of our slave population. In Parkedusson.comstreet Church, on the Fourth of July, 1829, in an address on slavery, I unreflectively assented to the popular but pernicious doctrine of gradual abolition. I seize this opportunity to make a full and unequivocal recantation, and thus publicly to ask pardon of my God, of my country, and of my brethren the poor slaves, for having uttered a sentiment so full of timidity, injustice and absurdity. A similar recantation, from my pen, was published in the Genius of Universal Emancipation at Baltimore, in September, 1829. My conscience is now satisfied. “I am aware, that many object to the severity of my language; but is there not cause for severity? I will be as harsh as truth, and as uncompromising as justice. On this subject, I do not wish to think, or speak, or write, with moderation. No! no! Tell a man whose house is on fire, to give a moderate alarm; tell him to moderately rescue his wife from the hand of the ravisher; tell the mother to gradually extricate her babe from the fire into which it has fallen; — but urge me not to use moderation in a cause like the present. I am in earnest — I will not equivocate — I will not excuse — I will not retreat a single inch — And I will be heard.”6 It was the Liberator that inspired Frederick Douglass to join the antiedusson.comslavery movement, and later, to make his own newspaper highlighting issues of race and slavery in his newspaper “The North Star.” 5 Mintz, Steven. “The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History.” Nat Turner’s Rebellion, 1831 | Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, www.gilderlehrman.org/content/historicaledusson.comcontextedusson.comamericanedusson.comslaveryedusson.comandedusson.comabolitionedusson.comthroughedusson.comhollywood. 6 Loewen, James W. Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your History Textbook Got Wrong. The New Press, 2005 In about four months after I went to New Bedford, there came a young man to me, and inquired if I did not wish to take the “Liberator.” I told him I did; but, just having made my escape from slavery, I remarked that I was unable to pay for it then. I, however, finally became a subscriber to it. The paper came, and I read it from week to week with such feelings as it would be quite idle for me to attempt to describe. The paper became my meat and my drink. My soul was set all on fire. Its sympathy for my brethren in bonds–its scathing denunciations of slaveholders–its faithful exposures of slavery–and its powerful attacks upon the upholders of the institution–sent a thrill of joy through my soul, such as I had never felt before! I had not long been a reader of the “Liberator,” before I got a pretty correct idea of the principles, measures and spirit of the antiedusson.comslavery reform. I took right hold of the cause. I could do but little; but what I could, I did with a joyful heart, and never felt happier than when in an antiedusson.comslavery meeting. Abolitionist Angelina Grimke was also inspired by The Liberator to act. Her first antiedusson.comslavery action was to write a letter to Garrison in 1835, which he published. This letter became famous as Grimke was, as explained by Garrison, was “a native of Charlestown, South Carolina” and “this fact give importance to her opinions on the subject of slavery.” This helped make her a national leader in the Abolition Movement. In her letter, she writes regarding her experiences as a member of a slaveholding family and upper class woman. She also explains how the news she had read in the Liberator inspired her to write to Garrison and to have hope for real, democratic change. “It seems as if I was compelled at this time to address thee, notwithstanding all my reasoning against intruding on thy valuable time, and the uselessness of so insignificant a person as myself offering thee the sentiments of this alarming crisis […] I can hardly express to the deep and solemn interest with which I have viewed the violent proceedings of the last few weeks […] At one time, I thought this system would be overthrown in blood, with the confused noise of the warrior; but gleams across my mind, that our blood will be spilt […] Let us endeavor, then, to put on the whole armor of God, and, having done all, to stand ready for whatever is before us”7 In this way, the Liberator reached out its readers in a respectful and convincible way, which allowed it to become a significant paper for Black communities in the North. 75% of the subscribers were African Americans and the circulation reached around 3,000.The newspaper back in the days was extreme as social media in nowadays, we should learn that including diverse essays will concern people with freeing African American communities. Social media is a great strategy to attract people’s attention on our undemocratic society. Letting people know what is really going on, and what is the origins of these issues and how we can fix it. After the Liberator took a good place. The abolition movement is strong and able to fight again8. We can learn from this example that it is achievable to use printed materials in need of alerting people about the undemocratic society, so we could debate it and try to solve it. We can also learn from the liberator the way of approaching people when writing an essay or newspapers in the future to focus on our undemocratic society. Printed materials can help build democracy because they can serve as an important space for public dialogue and debates about social issues. These debates can ultimately create shifts in public consciousness and lead to institutional change later on. For example Samuel Sewall, who was born by March 28, 1652. He was a judge, printer and a businessman from Massachusetts. He had an issue with a slaveholder named John Saffrin, Sewall is angry at John because John won’t free his slave. In 1700 Sewall wrote an essay called “The Selling of Joseph” challenging slavery. Sewall had friendly relationship with the leader of the Massachusetts colony Cotton Mather, who invited Samuel Sewall to share his ideas with the King of England. John Saffrin responded with an essay named “A Brief and Candid Answer to Late Printed Sheet, Entitles, The Selling of Joseph” defending slavery. This competition between the two individuals led to a legal case, which Sewall wins it and the enslaved person Adam became free. People debated the ideas of Sewall and Saffrin in Newspapers, it had made it controversial. Even though most writers agreed with Saffrin, Sewall was able to convince many people. Another impact of this argument is that the London Athenian in Britain started discussing if slavery was against Christianity. This opened more doors to the controversy. John Campbell wrote an essay that supported Sewall’s 7 “Slavery and the Boston Riot. The Following Letter Was Written, Shortly after the proedusson.comSlavery Riot in Boston by Angeline E. Grimke to William Lloyd Garrison … 1835.” Apple Computers: This Month in Business History (Business Reference Services, Library of Congress), Victor, www.loc.gov/resource/rbpe.05601500/. 8 Loewen, James W. Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your History Textbook Got Wrong. The New Press, 2005 ideas in the Boston News Letter, which was the second famous newspaper in Colonial America.9 As an impact, in 1783, Massachusetts judges used Sewalls ideas in their legal decisions ending slavery. They likely knew about Sewall’s work, more than 80 years later, because his essay served as the first public denunciation of slavery in New England. As such, it provoked a significant response and generated a lot of public debate in newspapers and books, which became part of the historical record. As such, his ideas were referenced by the next generation of antiedusson.comslavery advocates. When thinking about raising public consciousness today, we should learn from this example the importance of printed materials. People often have a desire to know what is trending and most of them state opinions, allowing the situation to escalate and become controversial. Becoming controversial will help us to raise consciousness because it will make it visible for the bystanders, audience and the reader and will help the individual to decide whether he agree or disagree. bystanders and audiences People will have to state their opinion. We can learn from this example the importance of challenging issues that makes our society undemocratic, to not stay quiet and talk about the problem. There is a possibility of using written essays focusing on social issues in the future to bring much attention to the situation. Since most of people are interested to read challenging papers. In addition, we could also use print papers to announce to a wider audience about our movement and goals. For instance, in 1835 after Antiedusson.comslavery movement became wider they started making plans and using new technology, such at the steamedusson.comprinting machines, to expand their ideas all over the nation.. This action helped them to separate as much ideas as they could, the Abolition movement have published 20,000 to 50,000 copies from newspapers, petitions, novels, and pamphlets a week so they could show the evil of slavery. justifying a system that is causing massive problems in the community and try to bring as much information to the majority about a certain topic would have people interested in figuring out the issues and abolition the problem. Later on, in July 1835, there were about 20,000 essays published but all that improved by the end of 1835, about one million essays were printed and distributed. This will help to transport attention to the population and they would be interested in solving the complication in the society10. We can learn from this example that printing more copies of essays, books and newspapers will help to separate the controversy. Direct action In order to build a more democratic society, we must also use direct action because it will help us make our ideas visible and urgent to bystanders. For example, many people supported slavery because they their jobs depended on slavery such as slaveholders, overseers, traders and slave catchers. Slave Catchers is a group their job is to find and return any runaway slave, or kidnap free African Americans and sell them into slavery. That has caused Black and White communities in New York to have issues. The direct action endure to offer protection for individuals who being violated or kidnapped such as enslaved people. People in the past used direct action to resist the enforcement and slave catchers from abusing slaves. During the abolition movement, some black abolitionist created organization called “Committees of Vigilance.” People who participated basically had to offer protection and support for runaway slaves. “Committees of Vigilance” did that by collecting money to help people who escape newly from the South. They have tackled the most important elements which are lawyers and protection. In that way they were able to take legal action against slave traders and who supported the idea of a trading slave for economic reasons11. We can learn from this example that it is possible to use a direct action to interfere when necessary. Direct action can help us to raise consciousness by letting other people know their rights and limits, which will have a reaction later on. For example Rosa Parks. Born on February 4, 1913, she was an activist in the Civil rights movement. In March 1955, Rosa Parks was traveling on a bus and she refused to give up her seat to a white passenger in Montgomery, Alabama. She was arrested by the police and charged by violation of chapter 6, section 11 of the Montgomery City Code. She was released on bail at the same night. Her case provided an opportunity to take further action to create change. Her case have triggered the Bus Boycott. The head of NAACP E.D Nixon started planning Boycotts of the Montgomery’s city buses. As a result of all that, it was the roots of the Civil Rights Movement. The Boycott participation became wider. The merger of legal action, backed by the constant determination of the African American community which have made the Montgomery Bus Boycott one of the biggest and most successful movements 9 Kendi, Ibram X. Stamped from the Beginning: the Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America. Nation Books, 2017. 10 Kendi, Ibram X. Stamped from the Beginning: the Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America. Nation Books, 2017.(132). Source: Kendi, Ibram X. Stamped from the Beginning: the Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America. Nation Books, 2017.(133) 11 Kendi, Ibram X. Stamped from the Beginning: the Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America. Nation Books, 2017 against racial segregation in history12. We can learn from this example that it is possible to raise consciousness through direct action like boycotts and to engage individuals in social life. Direct action can help us to bring much attention to our demands, like demanding rights and jobs for the people. Marching for a certain thing will help us to raise consciousness. For instance, on August 28, 1963, Civil Rights organizers leda large event titled as “March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.” The event was organized by big six leaders from the civil rights movement including Martin King Luther. More than 200,000 people participated in that event. Their goal was to attract as much attention as possible to the civil rights movement and mainly to advocate demanding jobs and freedom13. During this event Martin Luther gave the speech “I Have a Dream”. The march was achievable, it has provided a model for a social change. The power of using nonedusson.comviolence and the way the march was organized have inspired Americans to fight for equal rights and for more opportunities14. What we can learn from this example the importance of participating in events such as protests, marches, walk outs or any direct action could be. We could use this strategy in the future in order to make social change. We should be able to use marching because the strategy was successful and effective enough to bring people to participate. Speeches Speeches can help raise public consciousness, and therefore build a more democratic society because speeches have a strong ability to motivate and inspire. For example, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. born january 15, 1929. Was an American Baptist minister, who became recognizable for being a spokesman and a leader of the civil right movement. His famous speech “I have a dream” which focuses on the idea of freedom and liberty especially for African Americans after slavery. In the speech Martin Luther represents lots of people who demanded in freedom and liberty. In the speech he focuses raising consciousness by talking about the inequality which affects our democracy. we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt. We refuse to believe that there are insufficient fuels in the great vaults of opportunity of this nation. So we’ve come to cash this check, a check that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom and the security of justice. We have also come to this hallowed spot to remind America of the fierce urgency of now. This is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing dmg of gradualism. Now is the time to make real the promises of democracy. Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice. Now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood. How is the time to make justice a reality for all of God’s children. It would be fatal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the moment. This sweltering summer of the negro’s legitimate discontent. will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn of freedom and equality -1963 is not an end but a beginning. Those who hope that the negro needed to blow off steam and will now be content will have a rude awakening if the nation return to business as usual. ‘l’here will be neither rest nor tranquility in America until the Negro is granted his citizenship rights. The whirlwinds of revolt will continue to shake the foundations of one nation until the bright days of justice emerge.” This speech by Martin Luther says now it’s the time to be aware of the unjust system that we have in the country. As a impact of this speech, James Reston wote for the New York Times “Dr King touched all the themes of today, only better than anybody else.”. Reston also noted that many people were attracted to the event, for example the presence of the press and television people. Also Agent William C. Sullivan in the FBI, the leading Cointelpro, wrote a comment regarding King’s growing influence: “I n the light of King’s powerful demagogic speech yesterday he stands head and shoulders above all other Negro leaders put together when it comes to influencing great masses of Negroes. We must mark him now, if we have not done so before, as the most dangerous Negro of the future in this Nation from the standpoint of communism, the Negro and national security”. This shows how much influence Martin King Luther speech have brought to the majority. It had people interested about the whole movement. Made people ask, participate and get involved 12 “Rosa Parks.” Biography.com, A&E Networks Television, 27 Feb. 2018, www.biography.com/people/rosaedusson.comparksedusson.com9433715. 13 “March on Washington Fast Facts.” CNN, Cable News Network, 1 Sept. 2017,www.cnn.com/2013/06/05/us/marchedusson.comonedusson.comwashingtonedusson.comfastedusson.comfacts/index.html. 14 “Legacy and Impact of the March.” National Museum of American History, 15 Sept. 2015, americanhistory.si.edu/changingedusson.comamericaedusson.comemancipationedusson.comproclamationedusson.com1863edusson.comandedusson.commarchedusson.comwashingtonedusson.com1963/1963/legacyedusson.comandedusson.comimpact. to discuss the problem15. We can learn from this example the importance of speeches and they effective, it is possible to use speeches in order to raise consciousness. Speeches can help us to alert people about the social issues that is threatening our democracy. Speeches can help us to raise consciousness by awaring people. For example “the Gettysburg Address” by President Abraham Lincoln, basically reminded people and made them aware of what we owe the dead, talking about the people who worked to push our democracy forward and why we should come back as he said in the speech. He held it down for the people who devoted their time and social life in order to push towards a more democratic society: “Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate — we cannot consecrate — we cannot hallow — this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us — that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion — that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain — that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom — and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.”16 The speech was oftenly quotes and separated across the nation.17We can learn from this example that it is possible to raise consciousness through speeches. By awaring people to discuss the issue. Once people started to discuss the issue we will be able to think about solutions, therefore we could push towards a more democratic society. Speeches can help us to raise consciousness by equality values. An example, shows how we could raise consciousness using speeches is Frederick Douglass was born on February 1818. He was an African American social reformer and abolitionist. In 1852, in New York Frederick Douglass gave a speech “What to the Slave is the Fourth of July” regarding the 4th of July. Since Thomas Jefferson signed the Declaration of Independence at the 4th July 1776, America became a free state, independent from England. During that time slavery continued to exist in United States. This speech opened a dialogue about the humiliation and oppression on enslaved African AMerican. Liberty, freedom and citizenship was an infraction for enslaved African Americans since their freedom was controlled. We can learn from this example that it is possible to raise consciousness through speeches because speeches can be influential. On the other hand some people think that participating in social life is not effective and can have consequences like risking an individual life because law enforcement is ready to prevent anything might get out of control. For example, Avelie Stuart from the University of Exeter, department of Psychology status: “This paper calls for an extended conceptualisation of collective action nonedusson.comparticipation. We argue that inaction can be a meaningful response to inferences people make about the legitimacy of particular expressions of collective identities and collective action. Reasons for inaction are examined in openedusson.comended written accounts of collective action participation from people at various levels of engagement any social movement (N=101). The analysis finds that there is often ambivalence about ongoing participation amongst people who participate in some collective actions. Rather than attributing inaction to a lack of interest in the causes, participants perceived negative social consequences resulting from association with protesters, 15 “I Have a Dream.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 3 June 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream. 16 “The Gettysburg Address by Abraham Lincoln.” Abraham Lincoln Preedusson.comPresidential Political Timeline, www.abrahamlincolnonline.org/lincoln/speeches/gettysburg.htm. 17Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Gettysburg Address.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 30 June 2017, www.britannica.com/event/Gettysburgedusson.comAddress. ambivalence about the visible performance of normative behaviours (protesting), and concern about loss of self within a group. Such perceptions can result in motivated avoidance of some types of actions, or from closer affiliations with political groups, which in turn can halt participation in actions….Analysis: This arguments indicates that participating in socially have consequences and not good at all for example, being associated with protesters and risking your life within protest where law enforcement units are ready to prevent if anything becomes out of control.”18 This paper indicates that oftenly participating in a direct action like marches and protests have a consequences on people and if a direct action got out of control then people who is participating are risking their lives. However this argument is not strong enough to stop action, because law enforcement would only use violence against people if they do get out of control and start destroying a property while protesting. Our direct actions would not be violent as we are going to announce in our speeches. For example, Martin King Luther said in a quote “The ultimate weakness of violence is that it is a descending spiral begetting the very thing it seeks to destroy, instead of diminishing evil, it multiplies it. Through violence you may murder the liar, but you cannot murder the lie, nor establish the truth. Through violence you may murder the hater, but you do not murder hate. In fact, violence merely increases hate.”19 This shows that Martin Luther and many people who participated in Civil Rights Movement which is a movement that aims to demand liberty, freedom and pursuit of happiness for people. at the sa Civil right movements generalist and members did not believe in violence as an effective and achievable strategy. Therefore, during a direct action we must maintain the nonedusson.comviolent strategy in order to stay safe and to make any threat. We can learn from this example is to organize our direct action and call out for peace, not using violence or get out of control during an event. We should not use violence in order to get attention because once we use violence bystanders and other people would think we are ebbels and destroying properties. Conclusion In summary, raising public consciousness will help us to bring as many people as we can to participate in political parties, organizations, direct actions and walkouts. In that way, we could diminish the gaps between us, make it harder for us to marginalize certain voices. We won’t forget people because we are going to unify. These three strategies, at the core, all about raising public consciousness. If we determine speeches, but not direct action, we won’t be intelligent enough to achieve attention and get the people involved. Known that giving speeches inspires and motivate people, but still not enough people who are yet. If we take a direct action without printing materials it will cause a misunderstood for other people to see what is our organization about. For example, if we and protested without sharing our ideas and goals with the nation especially the people in government like politicians they might misunderstand what is the movement about and that probably is going to result in a feud. If we do print materials without speeches and direct action, the majority won’t be able to understand what we are specifically demanding about, Back in the days, the newspaper was just like social media compared to our nowadays. Stories were always trending, and as abolitionists did use this strategy, it was extremely effective. The influence of books on people took a place since most people get emotional and get affected, stories can be influential, therefore it is a different but connected strategies to reach out people. It is important to utilize these strategies in coordination because these strategies complete each other. Works Cited 18“2. Tiny Acts of Political Participation.” Political Turbulence, 2016, doi:10.1515/9781400873555edusson.com005. 19 “Violence Begets Violence.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 5 Apr. 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violence_begets_violence. 17 Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Gettysburg Address.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 30 June 2017, www.britannica.com/event/Gettysburgedusson.comAddress. 1 “Gettysburg Address.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 3 June 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettysburg_ 9 K endi, Ibram X. Stamped from the Beginning: the Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America. Nation Books, 2017 10 Kendi, Ibram X. Stamped from the Beginning: the Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America. Nation Books, 2017.(132). Source: Kendi, Ibram X. Stamped from the Beginning: the Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America. Nation Books, 2017.(133) 11 Kendi, Ibram X. Stamped from the Beginning: the Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America. Nation Books, 2017 15 “I Have a Dream.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 3 June 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream. 14 “Legacy and Impact of the March.” National Museum of American History, 15 Sept. 2015, americanhistory.si.edu/changingedusson.comamericaedusson.comemancipationedusson.comproclamationedusson.com1863edusson.comandedusson.commarchedusson.comwashingtonedusson.com1963/1963/legacyedusson.comandedusson.comimpact. 2 Nick, et al. “The U.S. Is the Most Overworked Nation in the World.” 20somethingfinance.Com, 2 Jan. 2018, 20somethingfinance.com/americanedusson.comhoursedusson.comworkededusson.comproductivityedusson.comvacation/. 3 O’Neil, Megan. “Americans’ Engagement With Organizations Wanes, Report Says.” The Chronicle of Philanthropy, The Chronicle of Philanthropy, 17 Dec. 2014, www.philanthropy.com/article/Americansedusson.comEngagementedusson.comWith/152055. 4 “2016g.” United States Elections Project, w ww.electproject.org/2016g. 5 Mintz, Steven. “The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History.” Nat Turner’s Rebellion, 1831 | Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, www.gilderlehrman.org/content/historicaledusson.comcontextedusson.comamericanedusson.comslaveryedusson.comandedusson.comabolitionedusson.comthroughedusson.comhollywood. 6 Loewen, James W. Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your History Textbook Got Wrong. The New Press, 2005 8 Loewen, James W. Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your History Textbook Got Wrong. The New Press, 2005 13 “March on Washington Fast Facts.” CNN, Cable News Network, 1 Sept. 2017,www.cnn.com/2013/06/05/us/marchedusson.comonedusson.comwashingtonedusson.comfastedusson.comfacts/index.html. 12 “Rosa Parks.” Biography.com, A&E Networks Television, 27 Feb. 2018, www.biography.com/people/rosaedusson.comparksedusson.com9433715. 7 “Slavery and the Boston Riot. The Following Letter Was Written, Shortly after the proedusson.comSlavery Riot in Boston by Angeline E. Grimke to William Lloyd Garrison … 1835.” Apple Computers: This Month in Business History (Business Reference Services, Library of Congress), Victor, www.loc.gov/resource/rbpe.05601500/. 16 “The Gettysburg Address by Abraham Lincoln.” Abraham Lincoln Preedusson.comPresidential Political Timeline, www.abrahamlincolnonline.org/lincoln/speeches/gettysburg.htm. 18 “ 2. Tiny Acts of Political Participation.” Political Turbulence, 2016, doi:10.1515/9781400873555edusson.com005. 19 “Violence Begets Violence.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 5 Apr. 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violence_begets_violence.