Mechanism of action and physiological response of amoxicillin.
Amoxicillin is a Beta-lactam drug that binds to a penicillin-binding protein and inhibit transpeptidation, the process causes activation of autolytic enzymes in the cell wall of the bacteria. The action targets the bacteria during the active multiplication stage, it causes the death of the bacteria by inhibiting the cell wall biosynthesis. This process is bactericidal killing as it led to lysis of the cell wall thus the destruction of the bacterial cell. (Zdzieborska, 2016) Beta-lactamase inhibitors can be combined with amoxicillin during administration and act by binding irreversibly to the catalytic site of the penicillinase enzyme which causes the resistance of the bacteria.
Therapeutic uses of amoxicillin
The drug is used to treat extensive bacterial infection such as tonsils pneumonia and infections of the ear, nose, and urinary tract. The medicine is penicillin-type antibiotics that work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. This is also used with other medications to treat stomach ulcers is caused by the H. Pylori and to prevent the ulcers from returning.in order to reduce the drug resistance of bacteria and maintain the drug effect the drug should only be used to treat the proven bacterial infections.
Reasons for different administration routes of amoxicillin
The most recommended route of administrating the drug is through intravenous injection or infusion. intramuscular administration should be done when the intravenous injection is not possible. This is because amoxicillin can be removed from circulation through hemodialysis. (Pacifici,2017) Another route of administration such as oral is not effective as the side effects of the drug are vomiting thus oral administration is not recommended. The drug can also be digested by gastrointestinal enzymes when administrated orally.
Efficacy of amoxicillin in the treatment of inflammatory acne.
Amoxicillin is safe and effective in treating inflammatory acne. According to a study carried out in September 2012 patients were treated with amoxicillin. (Legent,2014) Other systemic antibiotic therapies in combination with other drugs such as tetracycline were used to treat moderate to severe inflammatory acne. The systemic antibiotic clinically improved acne when prescribed in addition to topical and hormonal treatments. Amoxicillin is safe, effective, and favorable in the treatment of inflammatory acne in pregnant women.
Efficacy of Amoxicillin for other therapeutic use.
For non-severe pneumonia in children, amoxicillin is effective for 3- to 5 days of oral administration. A greater risk is seen for is non-compliance which is associated with longer duration of therapy. The efficacy of amoxicillin in the treatment of bacterial infection after surgery is 6 days.
Mechanism of action and physiological response of chloroquine
Chloroquine is a group of phosphate drugs that belong to antimalarial. The drug inhibits the formation of hemozoin that is released from heme during hemoglobin digestion. The parasite death is caused by free heme by lysing the membrane. The resistance occurs when there is a decreased accumulation of chloroquine in the food vacuole. The drug usually kills the organism that causes malaria and amebiasis.
Therapeutic uses of chloroquine
The drug is used in the treatment and prevention of malaria, a red blood cell infection that is transmitted by a bite of a mosquito. The drug prevents the Plasmodium parasite from replicating by interfering with its ability to breakdown hemoglobin for food while inside the host red blood cell. It is also of therapeutic use in the treatment of protozoans that cause liver infections. The drug has not been proved in the treatment of coronavirus. However, the food and drug administration has authorized the use of the drug in hospitalized adults for the treatment of coronavirus.
Reasons for different routes of administrating chloroquine
Intramuscular injection led to maximum absorption of chloroquine and after 15 minutes maximum absorption is attained in the plasma. Plasma levels usually fall after 2-4 hours after administration.
When treating malaria chloroquine is not recommended to be taken orally as vomiting is the major symptom. Intravenous injection is done higher doses on the first day and lower doses on the second day.
Efficacy of chloroquine in the treatment of plasmodium vivax malaria
The drug remains to be effective in treating malaria, its resistance needs to be monitored by evaluation of treatment outcomes using, molecular tools.
Uncomplicated falciparum is effective when treated with chloroquine but its resistance has led the world health organization to change and adopt a new method of treatment which is the use of combination therapy as a first-line drug for treatment. (Qilin,2018)
Efficacy of chloroquine for other therapeutic use
The drug has shown in-vitro efficacy with inhibiting SAR-Cov-2 replication research is ongoing on how the safety and effectiveness to reduce the viral RNA o undetectable levels.
Reference
Zdzieborska, M., Siedlecka, E., & Orlowska, I. (2016). Examination of the stability of Amoxicillin in compounded suppositories and ointments. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 4, 64-72.
Pacifici, G. M., & Allegaert, K. (2017). Clinical pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin in neonates. Journal of Chemotherapy, 29(1), 57-59.
Legent, F., Bordure, P. H., Beauvillain, C., & Berche, P. (2014). A double-blind comparison of ciprofloxacin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid in the treatment of chronic sinusitis. Chemotherapy, 40(Suppl. 1), 8-15.
Qilin, H., Weichuan, O., Jiexian, Z., Zhu, W., Kunyan, Z., Jiankang, H., … & Jian, L. (2018). Effectiveness of amodiaquine, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, and combinations of these drugs for treating chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria in Hainan Island, China. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 66(3), 353.