Negatives and Prevalence are Associated with Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)
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Abstract
The purpose of this study is to come up with a clear definition of IPV with examples. The study will also explore on prevalence rate and negative outcomes of IPV. Intimate partner violence is skyrocketing globally and is causing massive harm to the woman as they are the primary victims of IPV. The study will reveal negative outcomes of IPV, which will include physical injuries, homicide, mental health, suicide, sexual and reproduction health, pregnancy complications, and effects on children. Factors that increase the likelihood of IPV such as education level, use of alcohol and drugs, and also acceptance of violence will also be discussed in this study. The participants of this study will include 40 married women aged 18 to 50 years old with low education levels married to alcohol and drug consumer’s partners. A control group of 40 married women 18 to 50 years well educated and married to partners who are not a drug addict. The participants will be required to fill a questionnaire. The questionnaire will consist of the question of several outcomes of IPV with checkboxes where the participants will be required to tick in case they have experienced any or several of them and the extent, for example, the extent can be Severe or little. The participants will be guided on how to fill the questionnaire. The participant will also be assured of the confidentiality of the information they will give and be urged to provide varied information.
Keywords: IPV, homicide, prevalence, negative outcomes
Negatives and Prevalences’ Associated with Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)
Intimate partner violence (IPV) refers to any behavior within an intimate relationship resulting in physical, psychological, or sexual harm to those in a relationship (Abramsky et al., 2011). Examples of IPV include Physical beating, forced sexual intercourse, threats of harm, etc. women are the most victims of IPV. According to the research in the US, 19% of women are subjected to sexual abuse by their partners in their lifetime in relationships (Breiding, 2014).IPV results in several negative outcomes in relationships. Some of the negative consequences as a result of IPV include:
Physical violence outcomes which include physical injuries. IPV can lead to physical injuries that are a threat to one’s health (Black, 2011). Physical beatings experienced in IPV have left several victims ribs fractured, teeth and bones broken, and even sustaining severe thoracic injuries. IPV is emerging to be the Cause of many disabled women we see in society today. IPV has also left many women blind and deaf, as their organs have been damaged. Studies are showing that pregnant women have been subjected to physical IPV, causing a lot of harm to them (Ludermir et al., 2010). This has resulted in pregnant women miscarriage, premature labor, and birth, etc. This is evident IPV leads to critical physical injuries, especially when it is severe.
IPV also leads to sexual violence, which includes forced sexual intercourse in marriage. Research shows that women in a relationship are subjected to forced sexual intercourse by their partners (Breiding et al., 2015). This has resulted in numerous unwanted pregnancies, unsafe abortions, and sexually transmitted diseases. This has resulted in women who experience forced sexual intercourse to be depressed and have low self-esteem.
Lastly, IPV is associated with emotional/psychological abuse which includes intimidation, insult, threats to harm isolation of one from family and friends, etc. psychological abuse has resulted to women and children to be depressed to the extent of committing suicide (Breiding, Chen, & Black, 2014). The study shows that students raised up in families that experience IPV even perform poorly at school. Women who experience emotional abuse suffer from high-level depression, and most of them develop phobias, which may lead to even committing suicide.
Several things amplify the prevalence rate of IPV. Numerous studies have been carried out to find out things associated with to prevalence rate of IPV, and different issues have been identified.
The use of alcohol and drugs emerges to be the dominating gear for the high prevalence rate of IPV (‘World Health Organization,’ 2012). The researches show that woman whose partners are drug addicts are more involved in IPV. Some will be involved in IPV unknowingly as they are under the influence of the drug. Some of the IPV as a result of drug influence are so severe. In most homicides cases reported in relationships, the woman has appeared to be the most affected and are killed by their partners who, after medical checkups, 90% are found to be drug addicts.
Young age among the partners in a relationship lead to a higher prevalence rate of IPV (Kapiga et al., 2017). This is a result of the young couple not able to solve relationship issues in a harmonized way. At a young age, the couple may take some time to settle and accept that they are no longer teenagers but married people with responsibilities. Before young couple admits that they are no longer teenagers and focus on marriage and responsibilities, they may find themselves in a fight over small issues.
The disparity of education is associated with the prevalence rate of IPV. When the woman is more educated than the man, IPV may be experienced as the man may try to show that he is the head of the family through violence. This is caused by the man-hating himself as he thinks the woman sees him as inferior. In most cases, this is being experienced in communities where female education is not valued, and gender-inequality norms exist.
Weak legal sanctions against IPV is also associated with the prevalence rate of IPV. Partners who mistreat their women are not faced with severe punishments for their conduct. This is because of the weak legal sanctions against IPV. This has facilitated the widespread prevalence of IPV as those involved know that after it all, they will not face harsh punishments from their act. This has resulted in growing cases of IPV worldwide.
Method
Participants
The participants of this study will include 40 married women aged 18 to 50 years old with low education levels married to alcohol and drug consumer’s partners. A control group of 40 married women 18 to 50 years well educated and married to partners who are not a drug addict. The participants will be selected from different ethnic groups and cultures. The participants will be required to fill a questionnaire. The questionnaire will consist of questions of several outcomes of IPV with checkboxes where the participants will be required to tick in case they have experienced any or several of them and the extent, for example, the extent can be Severe or little. The participants will be guided on how to fill the questionnaire. The participant will also be assured of the confidentiality of the information they will give and be urged to provide varied information.
Measures
Education and age information
The participants will be required to fill their age and level of education in the questionnaire before responding to the questions. In stating their age, the trend of the IPV pattern depending on the age of women will be achieved. This will be essential has various research conducted to show that young age in marriage is the core determiner of IPV in relationships. Education level information will be very crucial in the study as it will help in achieving a pattern of how education affects IPV. This will be important as researches conducted shows education level differences in marriage cause IPV.
Assessments
Assessments will be conducted through a questionnaire. The questionnaire will have different parts according to the data required. These parts will include the type of IPV experienced and the extent of the violence. The questionnaire will be developed in a simple format, and every field to be filled will just require ticking. The participants will be guided where they may need help to ensure accurate information is acquired. This will include educating the participants and taking them through the sample of the questionnaire before responding to the questions. Those unable to read will be assisted, but they will be the ones to give the information to be filled in the questionnaire.
Procedures
All participants will be availed before the process starts. The participants should represent each and every targeted area of the study. For example, since the age of participants ranges from 18 to 50 years old. All the age sets should be represented; this will ensure the data collected will be helpful as it will cover all targeted areas. The questionnaire will be availed to the participants in their shelters in the evening to ensure that their daily activities are not tempered with by the process. Those who will not be ready to receive the questionnaire due to the fear of their partners will provide the best place they are comfortable with.
After all the participants are through with the questionnaires, the questionnaires will be collected for data analysis. The participants will be appreciated, and if any agreement was done between the participants and the researchers on any fee for participation, the deal would be settled.
References
Abramsky, T., Watts, C. H., Garcia-Moreno, C., Devries, K., Kiss, L., Ellsberg, M., … & Heise, L. (2011). What factors are associated with recent intimate partner violence? Findings from the WHO multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence. BMC public health, 11(1), 109.
Black, M. C. (2011). Intimate partner violence and adverse health consequences: implications for clinicians. American journal of lifestyle medicine, 5(5), 428-439.
Breiding, M. J. (2014). Prevalence and characteristics of sexual violence, stalking, and intimate partner violence victimization—National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, United States, 2011. Morbidity and mortality weekly report: surveillance summaries (Washington, DC: 2002), 63(8), 1.
Breiding, M. J., Chen, J., & Black, M. C. (2014). Intimate partner violence in the United States–2010.
Breiding, M., Basile, K. C., Smith, S. G., Black, M. C., & Mahendra, R. R. (2015). Intimate partner violence surveillance: Uniform definitions and recommended data elements. Version 2.0.
Kapiga, S., Harvey, S., Muhammad, A. K., Stöckl, H., Mshana, G., Hashim, R., … & Watts, C. (2017). Prevalence of intimate partner violence and abuse and associated factors among women enrolled in a cluster-randomized trial in northwestern Tanzania. BMC public health, 17(1), 190.
Ludermir, A. B., Lewis, G., Valongueiro, S. A., de Araújo, T. V. B., & Araya, R. (2010). Violence against women by their intimate partner during pregnancy and postnatal depression: a prospective cohort study. The Lancet, 376(9744), 903-910.
World Health Organization. (2012). Understanding and addressing violence against women: Intimate partner violence (No. WHO/RHR/12.36). World Health Organization.