Section 1
Question 2
The scientific revolutions were marked with a significant change in the scientific sector during the 16th and 17th centuries. During this time, one of the factors that made the work of the scientists unique was the ability to preserve their jobs. For instance, the European scholars were able to study the Early Greek writings because of the preservations, which kept the ancient ideas and later led to the spread of scientific interest in Europe. Additionally, numerous developments in Europe helped shape the revolutions. For instance, the growth of humanism in the renaissance period made people start having an interest in the study of the natural world. Lastly, during the scientific revolutions, the scientists abandoned the natural and artificial methods in their experiments and, in turn, replaced them with a systematic research tradition that ensured accurate results unlike the latter( Osler, 2000).
Question 4
The ideas of the Enlightenment were very crucial in the inspiration of the French Revolution. The main enlightenment ideas centered on liberty and democracy made people question the government and religion on why they should only be governed by one. This eventually led to the need to reform the government and religion. Enlightenment also sparked the idea of happiness and the need to make their own choices without the influence of government and to have religious freedom. Therefore, the people actively got engaged in the revolution because of the need to have new reforms in both the government and the church( Parigi, 2010).
Question 8
Industrial development changed the proportion of people working in factories and farms. Many people shifted to work in factories because of the increase in manufacturing companies such as cotton. Additionally, the mass production of goods led to the setting up of large factories that would employ many people. After sometimes, the monotony of these jobs became unbearable for the employees. This changed eventually changed the relations between the workers and employers because as different factories were coming up, there was significant demand for the workers. With a broad line of people willing to work, employers could reduce the wages to lower amounts because of the availability of people willing to work( Mantoux, 2013). This later led to a conflict between the workers and employees who, after sometimes started to demand a pay increase.
Section 2
Question 1
The scientific revolution was the beginning of new thinking in physics, chemistry, and other science that led to modern-day science. It led to the emergence of the Enlightenment Age, which was primarily centered on the importance of reasonings as to the central part of authority, which later incorporated the importance of scientific method. During the 18th century, when the Age of Enlightenment was at its peak, science began to take the place of religious authority, and many disciplines such as astrology, lost scientific credibility. The scientific revolution played an essential role in the Age of Enlightenment, which affected the natural way of thinking and eventually influenced society.
The scientific revolution was a significant factor in the enlightenment discourse because many people who believed in Enlightenment had backgrounds in the advancements in sciences and thought in the use of science to end the traditional ruling method and influence from religion( Andres, 2015). They promoted the development of freedom of speech and liberty. Generally, the Enlightenment in science promoted the idea of empiricism, which intertwined with the Enlightenment progress. Additionally, the scientific revolution provided the necessary philosophical tools that were important in the Age of Enlightenment to stop the longtime superstitions on religious beliefs and governance. Later, they built a society of reasoned work that dwelt not only in theoretical works but also in theoretical works also developed scientific applications that were useful for commercial purposes.
The new ways of understanding the natural world influenced the thinking about societies in different ways. First, the people were now able to realize that the society should be governed in a social contract where the entire society agrees to live according to some established moral and political behaviors other than being ruled by a single person. People realized that society had been harsh on them and imposed unnecessary laws and regulations intending to control them. The sovereign ideas and reasonings undermined the governance, which was based on the monarchial system and religious aspects, which led to the political rebellions. The public needed a society that would conform to their ideas and reasonings and uphold the freedom of speech and liberty, which the previous society had failed.
References
Andress, D. (2015). The Oxford Handbook of the French Revolution. Oxford University Press, USA.
Mantoux, P. (2013). The Industrial Revolution in the eighteenth century: An outline of the beginnings of the modern factory system in England. Routledge.
Osler, M. J. (2000). Rethinking the scientific revolution. Cambridge University Press.
Parigi, S. (2010). George Berkeley: Religion and Science in the Age of Enlightenment. Springer Science & Business Media.